Boran































































Boran
Queen of Queens of Iran

BorandukhtCoinHistoryofIran.jpg
Coin of Boran, minted at Arrajan in 630/1

First reign
Reign 17 June 629 – 16 June 630
Predecessor Shahrbaraz
Successor Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Second reign
Reign 631–632
Predecessor Azarmidokht
Successor Yazdegerd III
Born 590
Died 632 (aged 41–42)
Ctesiphon
Consort Kavad II
House House of Sasan
Father Khosrow II
Mother Maria
Religion Zoroastrianism

Boran[1][2][3] (Middle Persian: BoranPahlavi.png; Persian: پوراندخت, Pūrāndokht) was queen (banbishn) of the Sasanian Empire. She was the daughter of emperor Khosrow II, and the first of only two women to rule the Sasanian Empire; the other was her sister and successor, Azarmidokht. Various authors place her reign between one year and four months to two years.[2]


Her name appears as Bōrān (or Burān) on her coinage.[1][4] The Persian poet Ferdowsi refers to her as Purandokht in his epic poem, the Shahnameh. She was committed to revive the memory and prestige of her father, during whose reign the Sasanian Empire had grown to its largest territorial extent.




Contents






  • 1 Background and early life


  • 2 First reign


  • 3 Second reign


  • 4 Coin mints and imperial ideology


  • 5 Notes


  • 6 References


  • 7 Sources





Background and early life


Boran was the daughter of the last prominent shah of Iran, Khosrow II (r. 590–628) and the Byzantine princess Maria.[5] Khosrow II was in 628 overthrown and executed by his own son Kavad II, who proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including Shahriyar.[6] This dealt a heavy blow to the empire, which it would never recover from. Boran and her sister Azarmidokht reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad II for his barbaric actions, which made him filled with remorse.[7] According to Guidi's chronicle, Boran was also Kavad II's wife, demonstrating the Zoroastrian practice of close-kin-marriages (xwedodah).[1][5][a]


The fall of Khosrow II culminated in a civil war lasting four years, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian (Parsig) and Parthian (Pahlav) noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation.[8] A few months later, a devastating plague swept through the western Sasanian provinces, killing half of its population including Kavad II.[8] He was succeeded by his eight year old son Ardashir III, who was killed two years later by the distinguished Sasanian general Shahrbaraz, who was in turn murdered forty days later in a coup by leader of the Pahlav, Farrukh Hormizd, who helped Boran ascend the throne.[9]



First reign


Boran was the first queen to rule the Sasanian Empire. However, it was not unusual for royal women to occupy political offices in the management of the country. Many before Boran had risen to prominence. A 5th-century Sasanian queen, Denag, had temporarily ruled as regent of the empire from its capital, Ctesiphon during the dynastic struggle for the throne between her sons Hormizd III (r. 457–459) and Peroz I (r. 459–484) in 457–459.[10]Wiesehöfer also highlights the role of noblewomen in Sasanian Iran, stating that "Iranian records of the third century (inscriptions, reliefs, coins) show that the female members of the royal family received an unusual amount of attention and respect."[11] The story of the legendary Kayanian queen Humay and veneration towards the Iranian goddess Anahita probably also helped to the approval of Boran's rule.[12]


When Boran ascended the throne, she appointed Farrukh Hormizd as the chief minister (wuzurg framadar) of the empire.[2] She then attempted to bring stability to the Sasanian Empire by the implementation of justice, reconstruction of the infrastructure, lowering of taxes, and minting coins.[1] Her rule was accepted by the magnates, which is apparent by her coin mints in the provinces of Pars, Khuzestan, Media, and Abarshahr.[1] No opposition was voiced towards her gender.[13] However, after some time she was deposed in 630, and Shapur-i Shahrvaraz, the son of Shahrbaraz and a sister of Khosrau II, was made king of Sasanian Empire. However, he was not recognized by the Parsig faction of the powerful general Piruz Khosrow. Shapur-i Shahrvaraz was thus deposed in favor of Azarmidokht, the sister of Boran.[14]



Second reign


In order to seize power, Farrukh Hormizd asked Azarmidokht to marry him. Not daring to refuse, she had him killed with the aid of the Mihranid nobleman Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobin, the famous spahbed and briefly shahanshah. She was however, shortly assassinated by the latter's son Rostam Farrokhzad, who was now the new leader of the Pahlav faction. After the murder of Azarmidokht by Rostam Farrokhzad, the latter restored Boran to the throne. Boran shortly made a meeting with the Pahlav and Parsig faction, where both factions agreed to work together. She desired a good relationship with the Byzantine Empire, therefore she dispatched an embassy to Emperor Heraclius led by the dignitaries of the Iranian church.[15] Heraclius sent Boran a formal invitation to visit Constantinople.[3] However, after one year of reign she was found suffocated by a pillow in her bed. According to some sources she was murdered by Piruz Khosrow, thus ending the Parsig-Pahlav alliance and resuming hostilities between the two factions.[16] However, the two powerful leaders of the two factions were now threatened by their own men, and thus agreed to work together once more, installing Boran's nephew Yazdegerd III on the throne, thus putting an end to the civil war.[17]



Coin mints and imperial ideology




Coin minted during the reign of Boran.


During her reign, Boran reverted her coinage design to the same of her father, due to her impression of the past and the respect she had for her father. She also minted coin coins that were formal in quality and were not designed for broad distribution.[18] On her coins, she declared that she was the restorer of her heritage, i.e., the race of gods; the inscription on her coin translates: "Boran, restorer of the race of Gods" (Middle Persian: Bōrān ī yazdān tōhm winārdār).[19] Her claim to being descended from the gods had not been used since the reign of the 3rd-century Sasanian shah Shapur II (r. 309–379).[20]



Notes





  1. ^ According to the 7th-century Armenian historian Sebeos, Boran was the wife of Shahrbaraz. However, this is unlikely.[2]




References





  1. ^ abcde Daryaee 1999, pp. 77-82.


  2. ^ abcd Shahbazi 1989, p. 366.


  3. ^ ab Farrokh, K. (2007). Downfall of the Sasanians and the Islamic conquests. In Shadows in the Desert : Ancient Persia at War (p. 262, 263).


  4. ^ "For instance her gold coins bear the Middle Persian legend: Burancoins.png, Burano faré afzuto (lit. Buran's glory/splendor be increased)". Bayani, B. (n.d.). (پادشاهی پوراندخت ملکه ساسانی و پژوهشی درباره ی سکه های زمان او) (p. 31).


  5. ^ ab Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 5: p. 404.


  6. ^ Kia 2016, p. 284.


  7. ^ Al-Tabari 1985–2007, v. 5: p. 399.


  8. ^ ab Shahbazi 2005.


  9. ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 185.


  10. ^ Kia 2016, p. 248.


  11. ^ Emrani 2009, p. 4.


  12. ^ Emrani 2009, p. 5.


  13. ^ Emrani 2009, p. 6.


  14. ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 204.


  15. ^ Daryaee 2014, p. 36.


  16. ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 218.


  17. ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 219.


  18. ^ Daryaee 2014, p. 35.


  19. ^ Daryaee 2014, pp. 35-36.


  20. ^ Daryaee 2009.




Sources




  • Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  • Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 0857716662.


  • Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "Shapur II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.


  • Kia, Mehrdad (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1610693912.


  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1989). "Bōrān". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. p. 366.


  • Sundermann, W. (1988). "Bānbišn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 7. London et al. pp. 678–679.


  • Brosius, Maria. "WOMEN i. In Pre-Islamic Persia". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. London et al.


  • Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir (1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater, ed. The History of Al-Ṭabarī. 40 vols. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.


  • Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005). "Sasanian dynasty". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.


  • Daryaee, Touraj (1999). "The Coinage of Queen Bōrān and Its Significance for Late Sāsānian Imperial Ideology". Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies). 13: 77–82. JSTOR 24048959.


  • Emrani, Haleh (2009). Like Father, Like Daughter: Late Sasanian Imperial Ideology & the Rise of Bōrān to Power (PDF). Sasanika. pp. 1–16.



















Boran

Sasanian dynasty

Preceded by
Shahrbaraz
Queen of Queens of Iran
17 June 629 – 16 June 630
 Succeeded by
Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
Preceded by
Azarmidokht
Queen of Queens of Iran
631–632
 Succeeded by
Yazdegerd III







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