Saab JAS 39 Gripen




























































JAS 39 Gripen

Saab JAS 39 Gripen at Kaivopuisto Air Show, June 2017 (altered) copy.jpg
A Swedish Air Force JAS 39 Gripen at Kaivopuisto Air Show
Role

Fighter, attack and reconnaissance aircraft

National origin

Sweden
Manufacturer

Saab Group
Design group

Industrigruppen JAS, FMV
First flight
9 December 1988
Introduction
9 June 1996[1]
Status
In service
Primary users

Swedish Air Force
South African Air Force
Czech Air Force
Hungarian Air Force
Produced
1987–present

Number built
Approx. 247[Nb 1]

Program cost

US$ 13.54 billion (2006)[2][Nb 2]

Unit cost


US$ 30–60 million for JAS 39C[3][4][5][6]


The Saab JAS 39 Gripen (IPA: [ˈgriːpɛn]; English: griffin)[Nb 3][7] is a light single-engine multirole fighter aircraft manufactured by the Swedish aerospace company Saab. It was designed to replace the Saab 35 Draken and 37 Viggen in the Swedish Air Force (Flygvapnet). The Gripen has a delta wing and canard configuration with relaxed stability design and fly-by-wire flight controls. It is powered by the Volvo RM12, and has a top speed of Mach 2. Later aircraft are modified for NATO interoperability standards and to undertake air to air refuelling.


In 1979, the Swedish government began development studies for an aircraft capable of fighter, attack and reconnaissance missions to replace the Saab 35 Draken and 37 Viggen. A new design from Saab was selected and developed as the JAS 39, first flying in 1988. Following two crashes during flight development and subsequent alterations to the aircraft's flight control software, the Gripen entered service with the Swedish Air Force in 1996. Upgraded variants, featuring more advanced avionics and adaptations for longer mission times, began entering service in 2003.


To market the aircraft internationally, Saab formed partnerships and collaborative efforts with overseas aerospace companies. One example of such efforts was Gripen International, a joint partnership between Saab and BAE Systems formed in 2001. Gripen International was responsible for marketing the aircraft, and was heavily involved in the successful export of the type to South Africa; the organization was later dissolved amidst allegations of bribery being employed to secure foreign interest and sales. On the export market, the Gripen has achieved moderate success in sales to nations in Central Europe, South Africa and Southeast Asia; bribery has been suspected in some of these procurements, but authorities closed the investigation in 2009.[8]


A further version, designated Gripen JAS 39E/F, is under development as of 2014; it has been referred to as Gripen NG or Super-JAS.[9] The changes include the adoption of a new powerplant, the General Electric F414G, an active electronically scanned array radar, and significantly increased internal fuel capacity. Saab has proposed other derivatives, including a navalised Gripen Maritime for carrier operations[10] and an optionally manned aircraft for unmanned operations. Sweden and Brazil have ordered the Gripen E/F and Switzerland initially selected it for procurement. As of 2013, more than 247 Gripens have been built.[Nb 1]




Contents






  • 1 Development


    • 1.1 Origins


    • 1.2 Testing, production, and improvements


    • 1.3 Teaming agreements


    • 1.4 Controversies, scandals, and costs


    • 1.5 JAS 39E/F and other developments




  • 2 Design


    • 2.1 Overview


    • 2.2 Avionics and sensors


    • 2.3 Cockpit


    • 2.4 Engine


    • 2.5 Equipment and armaments


    • 2.6 Usability and maintenance




  • 3 Operational history


    • 3.1 Sweden


    • 3.2 Czech Republic


    • 3.3 Hungary


    • 3.4 South Africa


    • 3.5 Thailand


    • 3.6 United Kingdom


    • 3.7 Potential and future operators


      • 3.7.1 Botswana


      • 3.7.2 Brazil


      • 3.7.3 Bulgaria


      • 3.7.4 Canada


      • 3.7.5 Colombia


      • 3.7.6 Finland


      • 3.7.7 India


      • 3.7.8 Indonesia


      • 3.7.9 Philippines


      • 3.7.10 Poland


      • 3.7.11 Switzerland


      • 3.7.12 Others




    • 3.8 Failed bids


      • 3.8.1 Croatia


      • 3.8.2 Denmark


      • 3.8.3 Finland


      • 3.8.4 Netherlands


      • 3.8.5 Norway


      • 3.8.6 Poland


      • 3.8.7 Slovakia


      • 3.8.8 Others






  • 4 Variants


    • 4.1 Proposals




  • 5 Operators


  • 6 Aircraft on display


  • 7 Accidents and incidents


  • 8 Specifications


    • 8.1 JAS 39C/D


    • 8.2 JAS 39E/F




  • 9 See also


  • 10 References


    • 10.1 Notes


    • 10.2 Citations


    • 10.3 Bibliography




  • 11 External links





Development



Origins


In the late 1970s, Sweden sought to replace its ageing Saab 35 Draken and Saab 37 Viggen.[12] The Swedish Air Force required an affordable Mach 2 aircraft with good short-field performance for a defensive dispersed basing plan in the event of invasion; the plan included 800 m long by 17 m wide rudimentary runways that were part of the Bas 90 system.[13][14] One goal was for the aircraft to be smaller than the Viggen while equalling or improving on its payload-range characteristics.[15] Early proposals included the Saab 38, also called B3LA, intended as an attack aircraft and trainer,[16] and the A 20, a development of the Viggen that would have capabilities as a fighter, attack and sea reconnaissance aircraft.[17] Several foreign designs were also studied, including the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet,[18] the Northrop F-20 Tigershark and the Dassault Mirage 2000.[19] Ultimately, the Swedish government opted for a new fighter to be developed by Saab (Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolag).[18]


In 1979, the government began a study calling for a versatile platform capable of "JAS", standing for Jakt (air-to-air), Attack (air-to-surface), and Spaning (reconnaissance), indicating a multirole, or swingrole, fighter aircraft that can fulfill multiple roles during the same mission.[18] Several Saab designs were reviewed, the most promising being "Project 2105" (redesignated "Project 2108" and, later, "Project 2110"), recommended to the government by the Defence Materiel Administration (Försvarets Materielverk, or FMV).[18] In 1980, Industrigruppen JAS (IG JAS, "JAS Industry Group") was established as a joint venture by Saab-Scania, LM Ericsson, Svenska Radioaktiebolaget, Volvo Flygmotor and Försvarets Fabriksverk, the industrial arm of the Swedish armed forces.[20]


The preferred aircraft was a single-engine, lightweight single-seater, embracing fly-by-wire technology, canards, and an aerodynamically unstable design.[21] The powerplant selected was the Volvo-Flygmotor RM12, a license-built derivative of the General Electric F404−400; engine development priorities were weight reduction and lowering component count.[21][22] On 30 June 1982, with approval from the Riksdag,[23] the FMV issued contracts worth SEK 25.7 billion to Saab, covering five prototypes and an initial batch of 30 production aircraft.[24][25] By January 1983, a Viggen was converted to a flying test aircraft for the JAS 39's intended avionics, such as the fly-by-wire controls.[26] The JAS 39 received the name Gripen (griffin) via a public competition,[27] which is the heraldry on Saab's logo.[Nb 4]



Testing, production, and improvements





External video

Ground footage of the 1989 Gripen crash

Saab rolled out the first Gripen on 26 April 1987, marking its 50th anniversary.[30] Originally planned to fly in 1987,[22] the first flight was delayed by 18 months due to issues with the flight control system. On 9 December 1988, the first prototype (serial number 39-1) took its 51-minute maiden flight with pilot Stig Holmström at the controls.[21][31] During the test programme, concern surfaced about the aircraft's avionics, specifically the fly-by-wire flight control system (FCS), and the relaxed stability design. On 2 February 1989, this issue led to the crash of the prototype during an attempted landing at Linköping; the test pilot Lars Rådeström walked away with a broken elbow. The cause of the crash was identified as pilot-induced oscillation, caused by problems with the FCS's pitch-control routine.[21][32][33]


In response to the crash Saab and US firm Calspan introduced software modifications to the aircraft. A modified Lockheed NT-33A was used to test these improvements, which allowed flight testing to resume 15 months after the accident. On 8 August 1993, production aircraft 39102 was destroyed in an accident during an aerial display in Stockholm. Test pilot Rådeström lost control of the aircraft during a roll at low altitude when the aircraft stalled, forcing him to eject. Saab later found the problem was high amplification of the pilot's quick and significant stick command inputs. The ensuing investigation and flaw correction delayed test flying by several months, resuming in December 1993.[21]


The first order included an option for another 110, which was exercised in June 1992. Batch II consisted of 96 one-seat JAS 39As and 14 two-seat JAS 39Bs.[34][35] The JAS 39B variant is 66 cm (26 in) longer than the JAS 39A to accommodate a second seat, which also necessitated the deletion of the cannon and a reduced internal fuel capacity.[36] By April 1994, five prototypes and two series-production Gripens had been completed; but a beyond-visual-range missile (BVR) had not yet been selected.[37] A third batch was ordered in June 1997, composed of 50 upgraded single-seat JAS 39Cs and 14 JAS 39D two-seaters,[36] known as 'Turbo Gripen', with NATO compatibility for exports.[38] Batch III aircraft, delivered between 2002 and 2008, possess more powerful and updated avionics, in-flight refuelling capability via retractable probes on the aircraft's starboard side, and an on-board oxygen-generating system for longer missions.[39] In-flight refueling was tested via a specially equipped prototype (39‐4) used in successful trials with a Royal Air Force VC10 in 1998.[36]



Teaming agreements



Head on view of fighter jet banking right while releasing flares against a background of green woodland.

Czech Gripen deploying defensive flares, 2011


During the 1995 Paris Air Show, Saab Military Aircraft and British Aerospace (BAe, now BAE Systems) announced the formation the joint-venture company Saab-BAe Gripen AB with the goal of adapting, manufacturing, marketing and supporting Gripen worldwide.[36][40] The deal involved the conversion of the A and B series aircraft to the "export" C and D series, which developed the Gripen for compatibility with NATO standards.[41] This cooperation was extended in 2001 with the formation of Gripen International to promote export sales.[42] In December 2004, Saab and BAE Systems announced that BAE was to sell a large portion of its stake in Saab, and that Saab would take full responsibility for marketing and export orders of the Gripen.[43] In June 2011, Saab announced that an internal investigation revealed evidence of acts of corruption by BAE Systems, including money laundering, in South Africa, one of the Gripen's customers.[44]


On 26 April 2007, Norway signed a NOK150 million joint-development agreement with Saab to cooperate in the development programme of the Gripen, including the integration of Norwegian industries in the development of future versions of the aircraft.[45] In June of the same year, Saab also entered an agreement with Thales Norway A/S concerning the development of communications systems for the Gripen fighter. This order was the first awarded under the provisions of the Letter of Agreement signed by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and Gripen International in April 2007.[45] As a result of the United States diplomatic cables leak in 2010, it was revealed that US diplomats had become concerned with cooperation between Norway and Sweden on the topic of the Gripen, and had sought to exert pressure against a Norwegian purchase of the aircraft.[46]


In December 2007, as part of Gripen International's marketing efforts in Denmark, a deal was signed with Danish technology supplier Terma A/S that lets them participate in an industrial cooperation programme over the next 10–15 years. The total value of the programme is estimated at over DKK10 billion, and is partly dependent on a procurement of the Gripen by Denmark.[47]



Controversies, scandals, and costs


Developing an advanced multi-role fighter was a major undertaking for Sweden. The predecessor Viggen, despite being less advanced and less expensive, had been criticized for occupying too much of Sweden's military budget and was branded "a cuckoo in the military nest" by critics as early as 1971. At the 1972 party congress of the Social Democrats, the dominant party in Swedish politics since the 1950s, a motion was passed to stop any future projects to develop advanced military aircraft.[48] In 1982, the Gripen project passed in the Riksdag by a margin of 176 for and 167 against, with the entire Social Democratic party voting against the proposal due to demands for more studies. A new bill was introduced in 1983[49] and a final approval was given in April 1983 with the condition that the project was to have a predetermined fixed-price contract,[50] a decision that would later be criticized as unrealistic due to later cost overruns.[48]


According to Annika Brändström, in the aftermath of the 1989 and 1993 crashes, the Gripen risked a loss of credibility and the weakening of its public image. There was public speculation that failures to address technical problems exposed in the first crash had directly contributed to the second crash and thus had been avoidable.[51] Brändström observed that media elements had called for greater public accountability and explanation of the project; ill-informed media analysis had also distorted public knowledge of the Gripen.[52] The sitting Conservative government quickly endorsed and supported the Gripen – Minister of Defense Anders Björck issued a public reassurance that the project was very positive for Sweden.[53] In connection to the Gripen's marketing efforts to multiple countries, including South Africa, Austria, the Czech Republic and Hungary, there were reports of widespread bribery and corruption by BAE Systems and Saab.[54][55] In 2007, Swedish journalists reported that BAE had paid bribes equivalent to millions of dollars.[56][57][58] Following criminal investigations in eight countries, only one individual in Austria, Alfons Mensdorf-Pouilly, was prosecuted for bribery. The scandal tarnished the international reputation of the Gripen, BAE Systems, Saab, and Sweden.[55]


The Gripen's cost has been subject to frequent attention and speculation. In 2008, Saab announced reduced earnings for that year, partly attributing this to increased marketing costs for the aircraft.[59] In 2008, Saab disputed Norway's cost calculations for the Gripen NG as overestimated and in excess of real world performance with existing operators.[60] A 2007 report by the European Union Institute for Security Studies stated the total research and development costs of Gripen were €1.84 billion.[61] According to a study by Jane's Information Group in 2012, the Gripen's operational cost was the lowest among several modern fighters; it was estimated at $4,700 per flight hour.[62] The Swedish Ministry of Defense estimated the cost of the full system, comprising 60 Gripen E/F, at SEK 90 billion distributed over the period 2013–42. The Swedish Armed Forces estimated that maintaining 100 C/D-model aircraft until 2042 would cost SEK 60 billion, while buying aircraft from a foreign supplier would cost SEK 110 billion.[63]



JAS 39E/F and other developments



Three quarter view of grey jet fighter fitted with external fuel tanks on dirt-colored ground.

Saab Gripen NG demonstrator at RIAT 2010




Saab Gripen of the Swedish Air Force undergoing inflight refuelling.


A two-seat aircraft, designated "Gripen Demo", was ordered in 2007 as a testbed for various upgrades.[64][65] It was powered by the General Electric F414G, a development of the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's engine.[66] The Gripen NG's maximum takeoff weight was increased from 14,000 to 16,000 kg (30,900–35,300 lb), internal fuel capacity was increased by 40 per cent by relocating the undercarriage, which also let two hardpoints be added on the fuselage underside. Its combat radius was 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) when carrying six AAMs and drop tanks.[65][67] The PS-05/A radar is replaced by the new Raven ES-05[68]active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, which is based on the Vixen AESA radar family from Selex ES (since 2016 Finmeccanica, then Leonardo S.p.A.).[69][70] The Gripen Demo's maiden flight was conducted on 27 May 2008.[71] On 21 January 2009, the Gripen Demo flew at Mach 1.2 without reheat to test its supercruise capability.[72] The Gripen Demo served as a basis for the Gripen E/F, also referred to as the Gripen NG (Next Generation) and MS (Material Standard) 21.[73][74]


Saab studied a variant of the Gripen capable of operating from aircraft carriers in the 1990s. In 2009, it launched the Sea Gripen project in response to India's request for information on a carrier-borne aircraft. Brazil may also require new carrier aircraft.[75][76] Following a meeting with Ministry of Defence (MoD) officials in May 2011, Saab agreed to establish a development center in the UK to expand on the Sea Gripen concept.[77] In 2013, Saab's Lennart Sindahl stated that development of an optionally manned version of the Gripen E capable of flying unmanned operations was being explored by the firm; further development of the optionally manned and carrier versions would require the commitment of a customer.[78][79] On 6 November 2014, the Brazilian Navy expressed interest in a carrier-based variant of the Gripen.[80]


In 2010, Sweden awarded Saab a four-year contract to improve the Gripen's radar and other equipment, integrate new weapons, and lower its operating costs.[81] In June 2010, Saab stated that Sweden planned to order the Gripen NG, designated JAS 39E/F, and was to enter service in 2017 or earlier dependent on export orders.[73] On 25 August 2012, following Switzerland's intention to buy 22 of the E/F variants, Sweden announced it planned to buy 40–60 Gripen E/Fs.[82] The Swedish government decided to purchase 60 Gripen Es on 17 January 2013.[83][84]


In July 2013, assembly began on the first pre-production aircraft.[85] Originally 60 JAS 39Cs were to be retrofitted to the E-models by 2023,[86] but this has been revised to Gripen Es having new-built airframes and some reused parts from JAS 39Cs.[87] The first production aircraft is to be delivered in 2018.[88] In March 2014, Saab revealed the detailed design and indicated it planned to receive military type certification in early 2018.[88] The first Gripen E was rolled out on 18 May 2016.[89] Saab delayed the first flight from 2016 to 2017 to focus on civilian-grade software certification,[90] but high speed taxi tests began in December 2016.[91][92] On 15 June 2017, Saab completed first flight of the Gripen E.[93]


In September 2015, Saab Aeronautics head Lennard Sindhal announced that an electronic warfare version of the Gripen F two-seater was under development.[94]


On 18 May 2016, Saab unveiled the next generation fighter, Gripen E, in a ceremony in Sweden.[95] The first successful test flight of Gripen E (designation 39-8) happened on 15 June 2017.[96] The maiden flight, planned for late 2016, was slightly delayed as Saab decided to finalise all of the software development before conducting flight trials in order to mitigate risk.[97] As of May 2018[update], the Gripen E had attained supersonic flight & was to commence load tests.[98]



Design



Overview



Light grey aircraft banking tightly, revealing its underside.

Underside of a Gripen in flight, 2012


The Gripen is a multirole fighter aircraft, intended as a lightweight and agile aerial platform with advanced, highly adaptable avionics. It has canard control surfaces that contribute a positive lift force at all speeds, while the generous lift from the delta wing compensates for the rear stabilizer producing negative lift at high speeds, increasing induced drag.[99] Being intentionally unstable and employing digital fly-by-wire flight controls to maintain stability removes many flight restrictions, improves maneuverability, and reduces drag.[100][101] The Gripen also has good short takeoff performance, being able to maintain a high sink rate and strengthened to withstand the stresses of short landings.[102] A pair of air brakes are located on the sides of the rear fuselage; the canards also angle downward to act as air brakes and decrease landing distance.[103] It is capable of flying at a 70–80 degrees angle of attack.[104]


To enable the Gripen to have a long service life, roughly 50 years, Saab designed it to have low maintenance requirements.[105] Major systems such as the RM12 engine and PS-05/A radar are modular to reduce operating cost and increase reliability.[101] The Gripen was designed to be flexible, so that newly developed sensors, computers, and armaments could be integrated as technology advances.[106] The aircraft was estimated to be roughly 67% sourced from Swedish or European suppliers and 33% from the US.[107]


One key aspect of the Gripen program that Saab have been keen to emphasize has been technology-transfer agreements and industrial partnerships with export customers.[108] The Gripen is typically customized to customer requirements, enabling the routine inclusion of local suppliers in the manufacturing and support processes. A number of South African firms provide components and systems – including the communications suite and electronic warfare systems – for the Gripens operated by South African Air Force.[109] Operators also have access to the Gripen's source code and technical documentation, allowing for upgrades and new equipment to be independently integrated.[110] Some export customers intend to domestically assemble the Gripen; it has been proposed that Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer may produce Gripens for other export customers as well.[111][112]



Avionics and sensors


All of the Gripen's avionics are fully integrated using five MIL-STD-1553B digital data buses, in what is described as "sensor fusion".[101] The total integration of the avionics makes the Gripen a "programmable" aircraft, allowing software updates to be introduced over time to increase performance and allow for additional operational roles and equipment.[113] The Ada programming language was adopted for the Gripen, and is used for the primary flight controls on the final prototypes from 1996 onwards and all subsequent production aircraft.[114] The Gripen's software is continuously being improved to add new capabilities, as compared to the preceding Viggen, which was updated only in an 18-month schedule.[115]


Much of the data generated from the onboard sensors and by cockpit activity is digitally recorded throughout the length of an entire mission. This information can be replayed in the cockpit or easily extracted for detailed post-mission analysis using a data transfer unit that can also be used to insert mission data to the aircraft.[116][117] The Gripen, like the Viggen, was designed to operate as one component of a networked national defence system, which allows for automatic exchange of information in real-time between Gripen aircraft and ground facilities.[118] According to Saab, the Gripen features "the world's most highly developed data link".[101] The Gripen's Ternav tactical navigation system combines information from multiple onboard systems such as the air data computer, radar altimeter, and GPS to continuously calculate the Gripen's location.[119]


The Gripen entered service using the PS-05/A pulse-Doppler X band multi-mode radar, developed by Ericsson and GEC-Marconi, which is based on the latter's advanced Blue Vixen radar for the Sea Harrier that also served as the basis for the Eurofighter's CAPTOR radar.[120][101] The all-weather radar is capable of locating and identifying targets 120 km (74 mi) away,[121] and automatically tracking multiple targets in the upper and lower spheres, on the ground and sea or in the air. It can guide several beyond visual range air-to-air missiles to multiple targets simultaneously.[122] Saab stated the PS-05/A is able to handle all types of air defense, air-to-surface, and reconnaissance missions,[101] and is developing a Mark 4 upgrade to it.[123][124] The Mark 4 version has a 150% increase in high-altitude air-to-air detection ranges, detection and tracking of smaller targets at current ranges, 140% improvement in air-to-air mode at low altitude, and full integration of modern weapons such as the AIM-120C-7 AMRAAM, AIM-9X Sidewinder, and MBDA Meteor missiles.[125]


The future Gripen E/F will use a new active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, Raven ES-05, based on the Vixen AESA radar family from Selex ES.[70] Among other improvements, the new radar is to be capable of scanning over a greatly increased field of view and improved range.[126] In addition, the new Gripen integrates the Skyward-G Infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor, which is capable of passively detecting thermal emissions from air and ground targets in the aircraft's vicinity.[127] The sensors of the Gripen E are claimed to be able to detect low radar cross-section (RCS) targets at beyond visual range.[128] Targets are tracked by a "best sensor dominates" system, either by onboard sensors or through the Transmitter Auxiliary Unit (TAU) data link function of the radar.[129][130]



Cockpit


The primary flight controls are compatible with the Hands On Throttle-And-Stick (HOTAS) control principle – the centrally mounted stick, in addition to flying the aircraft, also controls the cockpit displays and weapon systems. A triplex, digital fly-by-wire system is employed on the Gripen's flight controls,[101] with a mechanical backup for the throttle.[131] Additional functions, such as communications, navigational and decision support data, can be accessed via the up front control panel, directly above the central cockpit display.[132] The Gripen includes the EP-17 cockpit display system, developed by Saab to provide pilots with a high level of situational awareness and reduces pilot workload through intelligent information management. The Gripen features a sensor fusion capability, information from onboard sensors and databases is combined, automatically analysed, and useful data is presented to the pilot via a wide field-of-view head-up display, three large multi-function colour displays, and optionally a helmet mounted display system (HMDS).[117]


Of the three multi-function displays (MFD), the central display is for navigational and mission data, the display to the left of the center shows aircraft status and electronic warfare information, and the display to the right of the center has sensory and fire control information.[132] In two-seat variants, the rear seat's displays can be operated independently of the pilot's own display arrangement in the forward seat, Saab has promoted this capability as being useful during electronic warfare and reconnaissance missions, and while carrying out command and control activities.[117] In May 2010, Sweden began equipping their Gripens with additional onboard computer systems and new displays.[133] The MFDs are interchangeable and designed for redundancy in the event of failure, flight information can be presented on any of the displays.[131]


Saab and BAE developed the Cobra HMDS for use in the Gripen, based on the Striker HMDS used on the Eurofighter.[134] By 2008, the Cobra HMDS was fully integrated on operational aircraft, and is available as an option for export customers; it has been retrofitted into older Swedish and South African Gripens.[134] The HMDS provides control and information on target cueing, sensor data, and flight parameters, and is optionally equipped for night time operations and with chemical/biological filtration.[116] All connections between the HMDS and the cockpit were designed for rapid detachment, for safe use of the ejection system.[135]



Engine



Headphone-wearing technician in green uniform, inspecting the engine nozzle of a single-engine fighter jet

A technician inspecting a Gripen's RM12 engine in-situ



All in-service Gripens as of January 2014 are powered by a Volvo RM12 turbofan engine (now GKN Aerospace Engine Systems), a license-manufactured derivative of General Electric F404, fed by a Y-duct with splitter plates; changes include increased performance and improved reliability to meet single engine use safety criteria, as well as a greater resistance to bird strike incidents.[131][136] Several subsystems and components were also redesigned to reduce maintenance demands.[137] By November 2010, the Gripen had accumulated over 143,000 flight hours without a single engine-related failure or incident; Rune Hyrefeldt, head of Military Program management at Volvo Aero, stated: "I think this must be a hard record to beat for a single-engine application".[137]


The JAS 39E and F variants under development are to adopt the F414G powerplant, a variant of the General Electric F414. The F414G can produce 20% greater thrust than the current RM12 engine, enabling the Gripen to supercruise (maintain speed beyond the sound barrier without the use of afterburners) at a speed of Mach 1.1 while carrying an air-to-air combat payload.[66] In 2010, Volvo Aero stated it was capable of further developing its RM12 engine to better match the performance of the F414G, and claimed that developing the RM12 would be a less expensive option.[138] Prior to Saab's selection of the F414G, the Eurojet EJ200 had also been under consideration for the Gripen; proposed implementations included the use of thrust vectoring.[139]



Equipment and armaments


The Gripen is compatible with a number of different armaments, beyond the aircraft's single 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon (omitted on the two-seat variants),[140] including air-to-air missiles such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, air-to-ground missiles such as the AGM-65 Maverick, and anti-ship missiles such as the RBS-15.[141] In 2010, the Swedish Air Force's Gripen fleet completed the MS19 upgrade process, enabling compatibility with a range of weapons, including the long-range MBDA Meteor missile, the short-range IRIS-T missile and the GBU-49 laser-guided bomb.[142] Speaking on the Gripen's selection of armaments, Saab's campaign director for India Edvard de la Motte stated that: "If you buy Gripen, select where you want your weapons from. Israel, Sweden, Europe, US… South America. It's up to the customer".[126]


In flight, the Gripen is typically capable of carrying up to 14,330 lb (6,500 kg) of assorted armaments and equipment.[113] Equipment includes external sensor pods for reconnaissance and target designation, such as Rafael's LITENING targeting pod, Saab's Modular Reconnaissance Pod System, or Thales' Digital Joint Reconnaissance Pod.[143] The Gripen has an advanced and integrated electronic warfare suite, capable of operating in an undetectable passive mode or to actively jam hostile radar; a missile approach warning system passively detects and tracks incoming missiles.[127][144] In November 2013, it was announced that Saab will be the first to offer the BriteCloud expendable Active jammer developed by Selex ES.[145] In June 2014, the Enhanced Survivability Technology Modular Self Protection Pod, a defensive missile countermeasure pod, performed its first flight on the Gripen.[146]


Saab describes the Gripen as a "swing-role aircraft", stating that it is capable of "instantly switching between roles at the push of a button". The human/machine interface changes when switching between roles, being optimized by the computer in response to new situations and threats.[116] The Gripen is also equipped to use a number of different communications standards and systems, including SATURN secure radio, Link-16, ROVER, and satellite uplinks.[147] Equipment for performing long range missions, such as an aerial refueling probe and onboard oxygen generation system (OBOGS), was integrated upon the Gripen C/D.[148]



Usability and maintenance



Three-quarter hind view of grey jet aircraft taking off in snowy environment. Its engine is kicking up snow on the ground

Gripen during takeoff in snowy conditions, 2012


During the Cold War, the Swedish Armed Forces were to be ready to defend against a possible invasion. This scenario required that combat aircraft disperse to maintain an air defence capacity.[149] Thus, a key design goal during the Gripen's development was the ability to take off from snow-covered landing strips of only 800 metres (2,600 ft);[150] furthermore, a short-turnaround time of just ten minutes, during which a team composed of a technician and five conscripts would be able to re-arm, refuel, and perform basic inspections and servicing inside that time window before returning to flight.[150][151]


During the design process, great priority was placed on facilitating and minimising aircraft maintenance; in addition to a maintenance-friendly layout, many subsystems and components require little or no maintenance at all.[152] Aircraft are fitted with a Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS) that monitors the performance of various systems, and provides information to technicians to assist in servicing it.[153] Saab operates a continuous improvement programme; information from the HUMS and other systems can be submitted for analysis.[154] According to Saab, the Gripen provides "50% lower operating costs than its best competitor".[101]


A 2012 Jane's Aerospace and Defense Consulting study compared the operational costs of a number of modern combat aircraft, concluding that Gripen had the lowest cost per flight hour (CPFH) when fuel used, pre-flight preparation and repair, and scheduled airfield-level maintenance together with associated personnel costs were combined. The Gripen had an estimated CPFH of US$4,700 whereas the next lowest, the F-16 Block 40/50, had a 49% higher CPFH at $7,000.[62]



Operational history



Sweden




JAS 39B Gripen in flight


The Swedish Air Force placed a total order for 204 Gripens[155] in three batches. The first delivery occurred on 8 June 1993, when 39102 was handed over to the Flygvapnet during a ceremony at Linköping;[156] the last was handed over on 13 December 1996.[35] The air force received its first Batch II example on 19 December 1996.[157] Instead of the fixed-price agreement of Batch I, Batch II aircraft were paid as a "target price" concept: any cost underruns or overruns would be split between FMV and Saab.[36]


The JAS 39 entered service with the F 7 Wing (F 7 Skaraborgs Flygflottilj) on 1 November 1997.[158][159] The final Batch three aircraft was delivered to FMV on 26 November 2008.[39] This was accomplished at 10% less than the agreed-upon price for the batch, putting the JAS 39C flyaway cost at under US$30 million.[39] This batch of Gripens was equipped for in-flight refuelling from specially equipped TP84s.[36] In 2007, a programme was started to upgrade 31 of the air force's JAS 39A/B fighters to JAS 39C/Ds.[160] The SwAF had a combined 134 JAS 39s in service in January 2013.[161] In March 2015, the Swedish Air Force received its final JAS 39C.[162]


On 29 March 2011, the Swedish parliament approved the Swedish Air Force for a 3-month deployment to support the UN-mandated no-fly zone over Libya. Deployment of eight Gripens, ten pilots, and other personnel began on 2 April.[163] On 8 June 2011, the Swedish government announced an agreement to extend the deployment for five of the Gripens.[164] By October 2011, Gripens had flown more than 650 combat missions, almost 2,000 flight hours, and delivered approximately 2,000 reconnaissance reports to NATO.[165] Journalist Tim Hepher suggested that the Libyan operations might stimulate sales of the Gripen and other aircraft.[166]




A Swedish Gripen during an exercise, 2013


In November 2012, Lieutenant Colonel Lars Helmrich of the Swedish Air Force testified to the Riksdag regarding the Gripen E. He stated that the current version of the Gripen would be outdated in air-to-air combat by 2020.[167] With 60 Gripens having been judged to be the minimum required to defend Swedish Airspace, the Swedish Air Force wants to have 60–80 Gripens upgraded to the E/F standard by 2020.[168]


On 25 August 2012, the Swedish government announced that 40–60 JAS 39E/F Gripens were expected to be procured and in service by 2023.[82][169] On 11 December 2012, the Riksdag approved the purchase of 40 to 60 JAS 39E/Fs with an option to cancel if at least 20 aircraft are not ordered by other customers.[170] on 17 January 2013, the government approved the deal for 60 JAS 39Es to be delivered between 2018 and 2027.[83] On 3 March 2014, the Swedish defence minister stated that another 10 JAS 39Es might be ordered; this was later confirmed by the government.[171][172]



Czech Republic





Czech Gripen with Čáslav AFB in the background


When the Czech Republic became a NATO member in 1999, the need to replace their existing Soviet-built MiG-21 fleet with aircraft compatible with NATO interoperability standards became apparent. In 2000, the Czech Republic began evaluating a number of aircraft, including the F-16, F/A-18, Mirage 2000, Eurofighter Typhoon and the Gripen. One major procurement condition was the industrial offset agreement, set at 150% of the expected purchase value.[173] In December 2001, having reportedly been swayed by Gripen International's generous financing and offset programme, the Czech Government announced that the Gripen had been selected.[174] In 2002, the deal was delayed until after parliamentary elections had taken place; alternative means of air defense were also studied, including leasing the aircraft.[175]



Three-quarter bottom view of two jet aircraft inn flight against a blue sky.

Pair of Czech Gripens during a Baltic Air Policing mission in Lithuania


On 14 June 2004, it was announced that the Czech Republic was to lease 14 Gripen aircraft, modified to comply with NATO standards.[176] The agreement also included the training of Czech pilots and technicians in Sweden. The first six were delivered on 18 April 2005.[177] The lease was for an agreed period of 10 years at a cost of €780 million; the 14 ex-Swedish Air Force aircraft included 12 single-seaters and two JAS 39D two-seat trainers.[178][179] In September 2013, the Defence and Security Export Agency announced that a follow-up agreement with the Czech Republic had been completed to extend the lease by 14 years, until 2029; the leased aircraft shall also undergo an extensive modernisation process, including the adoption of new datalinks.[180] The lease also has an option of eventually acquiring the fighters outright.[179] In 2014 the lease was extended to 2027 and the Saab service contract was extended to 2026.[181][182]


In November 2014, the Czech air force commander General Libor Štefánik proposed leasing a further six Gripens due to Russia's deteriorating relationship with the West.[183] According to the spokesperson of the Ministry of Defence, this proposal is just a personal vision of the air force commander. The fleet expansion is not on the agenda for years to come.[184] More recently, the air force decided to upgrade its fleet to the MS20 configuration.[185]



Hungary


Following Hungary's membership of NATO in 1999, there were several proposals to achieve a NATO-compatible fighter force. Considerable attention went into studying second-hand aircraft options as well as modifying the nation's existing MiG-29 fleet. In 2001, Hungary received several offers of new and used aircraft from various nations, including Sweden, Belgium, Israel, Turkey, and the US.[186] Although the Hungarian government initially intended to procure the F-16, in November 2001 it was in the process of negotiating a 10-year lease contract for 12 Gripen aircraft, with an option to purchase the aircraft at the end of the lease period.[187][188]



Jet aircraft with centerline external fuel tank during invert flight against blue sky


Hungarian Air Force Gripen during inverted flight, 2007


As part of the procurement arrangements, Saab had offered an offset deal valued at 110 per cent of the cost of the 14 fighters.[189] Initially, Hungary had planned to lease several Batch II aircraft; however, the inability to conduct aerial refuelling and weapons compatibility limitations had generated Hungarian misgivings.[190] The contract was renegotiated and was signed on 2 February 2003 for a total of 14 Gripens, which had originally been A/B standard and had undergone an extensive upgrade process to the NATO-compatible C/D 'Export Gripen' standard.[191] The last aircraft deliveries took place in December 2007.[192]


While the Hungarian Air Force operates a total of 14 Gripen aircraft under lease,[179] in 2011, the country reportedly intended to purchase these aircraft outright.[193] However, in January 2012, the Hungarian and Swedish governments agreed to extend the lease period for a further ten years; according to Hungarian Defence Minister Csaba Hende, the agreement represented considerable cost savings.[194]


Two Gripens were lost in crashes in May and June 2015,[195][196][197] leaving 12 Gripens in operation.[198] Hungary will be back to 14 Gripen with the signing of a replacement contract.[199]



South Africa




A South African Air Force JAS 39C Gripen in flight


In 1999, South Africa signed a contract with BAe/Saab for the procurement of 26 Gripens (C/D standard) with minor modifications to meet their requirements.[200] Deliveries to the South African Air Force commenced in April 2008.[201] By April 2011, 18 aircraft (nine two-seater aircraft and nine single-seaters) had been delivered.[202] While the establishment of a Gripen Fighter Weapon School at Overberg Air Force Base in South Africa had been under consideration, in July 2013 Saab ruled out the option due to a lack of local support for the initiative; Thailand is an alternative location being considered,[203] as well as the Čáslav Czech air base.[204]


Between April 2013 and December 2013, South African contractors held prime responsibility for maintenance work on the Gripen fleet as support contracts with Saab had expired; this arrangement led to fears that extended operations may not be possible due to a lack of proper maintenance.[205] In December 2013, Armscor awarded Saab a long-term support contract for the company to perform engineering, maintenance, and support services on all 26 Gripens through 2016.[206] On 13 March 2013, South African Defense Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula stated that "almost half of the SAAF Gripens" have been stored because of an insufficient budget to keep them flying.[207] In September 2013, the SAAF decided not to place a number of its Gripens in long-term storage; instead all 26 aircraft would be rotated between flying cycles and short-term storage.[208] Speaking in September 2013, Brigadier-General John Bayne testified that the Gripen met the SAAF's minimum requirements, as the country faced no military threats.[209]



Thailand



Three-quarter hind bottom view of jet aircraft in flight generating wingtip vortices, against a blue cloudy sky

Royal Thai Air Force Gripen


In 2007, Thailand's Parliament authorized the Royal Thai Air Force to spend up to 34 billion baht (US$1.1 billion) as part of an effort to replace Thailand's existing Northrop F-5 fleet.[210] In February 2008, the Thai Air Force ordered six Gripens (two single-seat C-models and four two-seat D-models) from Saab; deliveries began in 2011.[211] Thailand ordered six more Gripen Cs in November 2010; deliveries began in 2013.[212] Thailand may eventually order as many as 40 Gripens.[213] In 2010, Thailand selected the Surat Thani Airbase as the main operating base for its Gripens.[214] The first of the six aircraft were delivered on 22 February 2011.[215]


Saab delivered three Gripens in April 2013, and three more in September 2013.[216] In September 2013, Air Force Marshal Prajin Jantong stated that Thailand is interested in purchasing six aircraft more in the near future, pending government approval.[210][217] Thai Supreme Commander General Thanasak Patimapragorn has stated that the air force intends for the Gripen's information systems to be integrated with Army and Navy systems. The armed forces will officially inaugurate the Gripen Integrated Air Defence System during 2014.[210]



United Kingdom




An ETPS Gripen at RIAT 2008


The Empire Test Pilots' School (ETPS) in the United Kingdom has used the Gripen for advanced fast jet training of test pilots since 1999.[218] It operates a D aircraft.[219]



Potential and future operators



Botswana


Botswana has shown interest in the Gripen leading to Saab opening an office in Botswana in 2014.[220][221] The country is interested in purchasing eight surplus C and D model Gripens, with the order possibly being extended to 16. The Gripens would replace the fourteen ex-Royal Canadian Air Force CF-5 fighters the Botswana Defence Force Air Wing (BDF) has been using since 1996, that are up to 40 years old.[222][223][224][225]


BDF Air Wing top officials believe acquisition of the fighter jet is a done deal. Whether eight or twelve or sixteen, the BDF is looking to replace its fighter jet fleet.[226][227]



Brazil




Saab Gripen NG mock-up in Brasília.




Replica of Brazilian version of Gripen NG cockpit


In October 2008, Brazil selected three finalists for its F-X2 fighter programme: the Dassault Rafale B/C, the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and the JAS 39E/F Gripen NG.[228] The Brazilian Air Force initially planned to procure at least 36 and possibly up to 120 later,[229][230] to replace its Northrop F‐5EM and Dassault Mirage 2000C aircraft.[231] In February 2009, Saab submitted a tender for 36 Gripen NGs.[232] On 5 January 2010, reports claimed that the Brazilian Air Force's final evaluation report placed the Gripen ahead of other contenders; the decisive factor was reportedly lower unit cost and operational costs.[233] Amid delays due to financial constraints,[234][235] there were reports in 2010 of the Rafale's selection,[236] and in 2011 of the F/A-18's selection.[76][237] On 18 December 2013, President Dilma Rousseff announced the Gripen NG's selection.[231][238]


Key decision factors were the domestic manufacturing opportunities, participation in developing the Gripen, and potential exports to Africa, Asia and Latin America;[111][239] Argentina and Ecuador are interested in procuring Gripens from or through Brazil,[240] and Mexico is considered an export target.[241] Another factor was the distrust of the US due to the NSA surveillance scandal.[242] The Gripen is not immune to foreign pressure: the UK may use their 30% component percentage in the Gripen to veto a sale to Argentina due to the Falkland Islands dispute; thus Argentina is considering Russian or Chinese aircraft instead.[243] Until Gripen E deliveries begin, Brazil intended to lease several Gripen C aircraft.[112][239]


On 24 October 2014, Brazil and Sweden signed a 39.3 billion SEK (US$5.44 bn, R$13 bn) contract for 28 Gripen E and 8 Gripen F aircraft to be delivered from 2019 to 2024 and maintained until 2050;[244][245] the Swedish government will provide a subsidized 25-year, 2.19% interest rate loan for the purchase.[246] At least 15 aircraft are to be assembled in Brazil, and Brazilian companies are to be involved in the full production run; Gripen Fs are to be delivered later. An almost US$1 billion price increase since selection is due to developments requested by Brazil,[247] such as the "wide area display" (WAD), a panoramic 19 by 8 inches touchscreen display.[248][249] The compensation package is set at US$9 billion, or 1.7 times the order value.[250] Two Brazilian pilots were trained in Sweden between November 2014 and April 2015.[251] The Brazilian Air Force has a requirement for 108 Gripens, to be delivered in three batches.[252][253] The Brazilian Navy is interested in the Sea Gripen to replace its Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk carrier-based fighters.[76][254] In 2015, Brazil and Sweden finalized the deal for the development of the Gripen F, designated F-39 by Brazil.[255][256]



Bulgaria


After the Bulgarian Air Force expressed interest in the Gripen, the Gerdzhikov caretaker cabinet announced on 26 April 2017 that a state commission chose the Swedish fighter as the future combat aircraft type for the Military of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian officers planned an initial batch numbering eight aircraft for up to 1.5 billion BGN (ca. 745 million euro), to be delivered in the 2018–20 timeframe, with a planned follow-up batch of another eight aircraft. The other contestants in the tender were used USAF F-16A/Bs to be refurbished and modernised to MLU standard by the Portuguese OGMA (like a similar deal with Bulgaria's northern neighbor Romania) and used Italian Tranche 1 Eurofighter Typhoons, with the US/Portuguese offer finishing second and the Italian offer third.[257]


The interdisciplinary state commission includes officials from the Bulgarian ministries of defence, economy and finance and, according to the caretaker government's deputy prime minister and minister of defence Stefan Yanev, the main reason for choosing the Swedish contestant is the favourable financial terms offered by Saab, including a lease option and offset agreements. In his words, the Swedish offer accounts for about one billion BGN for the aircraft alone ($834 million),[258][259][260][261] while the US/Portuguese one accounts a price of about one and a half billion BGN for the aircraft alone. The decision is pending the approval of the next regular Bulgarian government and, more importantly, of the Bulgarian Parliament. The second-place offer is to be retained as a back-up option, should the negotiations with Saab not be concluded successfully, as the financial resources for this program are budgeted until the end of 2017. The new fighters are to replace both the MiG-29 fighters of Graf Ignatievo Air Base and the Su-25 attack aircraft of Bezmer Air Base, as well as to fill the gap left by the retirement of the country's dedicated Su-22 reconnaissance airplanes.[262][263]



Canada


Canada is a level 3 industrial partner in the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II development program with the intent to replace the McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet with the F-35. However, due to political issues the procurement process has been halted and an open fighter competition has instead been launched in December 2017.[264]


The Royal Canadian Air Force announced in February 2018 that Saab was among the contestants of its CF-18 Hornet replacement program. The Gripen has to compete with the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale in the competition.[265][266]



Colombia


Saab has offered Gripen C/D or E[267] to Colombia, with possible deliveries during 2018–21, depending on variant selected.[268][219]



Finland


In June 2015, a working group set up by the Finnish MoD proposed starting a program to replace the Finnish Air Force's current fleet of F/A-18 Hornets. The group recognises five potential types: Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-35, and Saab JAS Gripen.[269]


In December 2015 the Finnish MoD sent a letter to Great Britain, France, Sweden and the US informing them that the fighter project had been launched in the Defence Forces. The goal of the project is to replace the Hornet fleet, which will be decommissioned as of 2025, with multi-role fighters. The project has been named the HX Fighter Program. The JAS-39 is mentioned in the letter as a potential fighter for the program. The request for information concerning the HX Fighter Program was sent in April 2016.[270] The five responses were received in November 2016. The official Request for Quotation will be sent to all five aircraft manufacturers that provided responses to the RFI, through their four governments, in the spring of 2018. The goal is to start the fighter candidates’ environmental testing in Finland in 2019.[271] The buying decision is scheduled to take place in 2021.[272]



India



Jet aircraft in the distance preparing to take off from rural airport surrounded by green trees

Saab Gripen at Aero India 2011, Yelahanka Air force Base Bangalore


The Gripen was a contender for the Indian MRCA competition for 126 multirole combat aircraft.[273] In April 2008, Gripen International offered the Next Generation Gripen for India's tender[274] and opened an office in New Delhi to support its efforts in the Indian market.[275] On 4 February 2009, Saab announced that it had partnered with India's Tata Group to develop the new Gripen variant to fit India's needs.[276]


The Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted extensive field trials and evaluated Gripen's flight performance, logistics capability, weapons systems, advanced sensors and weapons firing.[277] In April 2011, the IAF rejected Gripen's bid in favour of the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Dassault Rafale.[278] Senior Indian Air Force officials, while happy with the improved capabilities of Gripen NG, identified its high reliance on US-supplied hardware, including electronics, weaponry and the GE F414 engine, as a factor that may hamper its ability to be exported.[279]


In 2015 after the Rafale order was cut back to just 36 aircraft, Saab indicated a willingness to set up joint production of the Gripen in India.[280] In October 2016, it was reported that Saab, among other manufacturers, had been sent an informal request-for-information query, resuming a new competition for a single-engine fighter to replace the Indian Air Force's Soviet-built MiG-21 and MiG-27 aircraft. Saab had already submitted an "unsolicited bid".[281]


In November 2017, Saab pledged full Gripen E technology transfer to India if it is awarded the contract.[282]



Indonesia


In July 2016, Saab Indonesia confirmed having submitted a proposal earlier in the year in response to an Indonesian Air Force requirement. The proposal included the initial acquisition of 16 Gripen C/D for 1,5 billion USD, to replace Northrop F-5E Tiger II in service with the Indonesian Air Force since the 1980s. Saab have expressed the intention for the bid to "100%" comply with Indonesia's Defence Industry Law 2012 (or, Law Number 16),[283] which requires foreign contractors to work with local industry, collaborating on production and sharing technology. They also indicated that the bid could replace the versions C/D with version E, if Indonesia were willing to accept longer delivery time. Competing aircraft responding to the requirement include the F-16V, Su-35, Rafale and Typhoon.[284]



Philippines


In September 2016, Saab announced its intention to open an office in Manila to support its campaign to sell the Gripen to fill the Philippine Air Force's requirement for 12 multirole combat aircraft. Saab also intends to offer ground infrastructure, integrated C2 systems and datalinks, similar to the capabilities offered to the Royal Thai Air Force.[285][286]


In 2018, Saab also entered a renewed push for multirole fighters.[287] And According to the Department of National Defense (Philippines), the agency is more likely to buy the Gripen C/D more over the US offer of F-16V Block 70/72.[288]


After a thorough study and research, the Department of National Defense is planning to buy the Swedish-made Gripen multi-role supersonic jet fighter for the Philippine Air Force.[289][290]



Poland


Poland is planning to purchase 64 multirole combat aircraft from 2021 as part of the country's modernisation plans. The new fighters will replace the Polish Air Force's ageing fleet of Sukhoi Su-22M4 'Fitter-K' ground attack aircraft and Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum-A' fighter aircraft. Planned open tender procedure could include the JAS 39 Gripen E/F, Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the newest variants of Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale, and the Boeing F/A-18H/I Advanced Super Hornet.[291][292][293][294]


According to the announcement made by the Armament Inspectorate on 23 November 2017, Poland has initiated the procedure to acquire new fighter aircraft for the Polish Air Force.[295] On 22 December 2017, five entities have expressed their will to participate in the market analysis initiative concerning the potential procurement of new fighter aircraft, referred to as “Harpia” (harpy eagle). Companies that expressed their interest in the Multi-Role Combat Aircraft portion of the initiative include: Saab AB with Gripen NG, Lockheed Martin with F-35, Boeing Company with F/A-18, Leonardo SpA with Eurofighter Typhoon and Fights-On Logistics with second hand F-16s.[296]



Switzerland


In January 2008, the Swiss Defence Material Administration invited Gripen International to submit bids to replace the nation's ageing F-5 fleet.[297] Saab responded with an initial proposal on 2 July 2008;[298] other contenders were the Dassault Rafale and Eurofighter Typhoon.[299] On 30 November 2011, the Swiss government announced its decision to buy 22 Gripen NG aircraft for 3.1 billion Swiss francs.[300][301] In 2012, a confidential report of the Swiss Air Force's 2009 tests of the three contenders was leaked, which had rated the Gripen as performing substantially below both the Rafale and the Eurofighter. The Gripen was assessed as satisfactory for reconnaissance but unsatisfactory for combat air patrol and strike missions.[302][303] The JAS 39C/D was evaluated, while the Gripen NG had been bid.[304] The parliamentary security commission found that the Gripen offered the most risks, but voted to go ahead as it was the cheapest option.[305] The Gripen was considered satisfactory in all roles.[306]


On 25 August 2012, the plan to order was confirmed by both Swedish and Swiss authorities.[307] Deliveries were expected to run from 2018 to 2021 at a fixed price of CHF 3.126 billion (US$3.27 billion) including development costs, mission planning systems, initial spares and support, training, and certification; the Swedish government also guaranteed the price, performance and operational suitability. 8 JAS 39Cs and 3 JAS 39Ds were to be leased from 2016 to 2020 to train Swiss pilots and allow the F-5s to be retired.[308][309] In 2013, Saab moved to increase Swiss industry offsets above 100% of the deal value after the Swiss parliament's upper house voted down the deal's financing.[310] On 27 August 2013, the National Council's Security Commission approved the purchase,[311] followed by the lower and upper houses of the parliament's approval in September 2013.[312][313] Elements of the left and center of the political spectrum often criticized the Gripen as unnecessary and too expensive. On 18 May 2014, 53.4% of Swiss voters voted against the plan in a national referendum.[314][315] According to the press, objectors questioned the role of fighter aircraft in general, and the relevance of alternatives such as UAVs, surface-to-air missiles, or cyberwarfare capabilities.[316]


In April 2015, Switzerland was set to relaunch the F-5E/F, and now also F/A-18C/D, replacement programme;[317][318] the Gripen is again considered the favourite.[319]


In March 2018, Swiss officials named contenders in its Air 2030 program: The Saab Gripen, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Lockheed Martin F-35. The program has a budget of US$8 billion but includes not only combat aircraft but also ground-based air defense systems.[320][321]


In October 2018, it was reported by Jane's that the Swiss Air Force may be limited to purchasing a single-engine fighter for budgetary reasons. However a bidder representing a European company bidding on the plan stated that Swiss Air Force pilots are "so enamoured of their Hornets that they will be inclined to select another two-seat fighter".[322]



Others


Other countries that have expressed interest in Gripen include:





  • Argentina (E/F from Brazil, subject to UK veto),[323][324]


  • Austria (C/D or E/F),[325][267]


  • Ecuador[240] (C/D, or E/F[267] from Brazil),


  • Estonia,[326]


  • Kenya[327] (C/D),[267]


  • Latvia,[326]


  • Lithuania,[326]


  • Malaysia[326] (C/D),[267]


  • Mexico[241] (C/D, or E/F[267] from Brazil),


  • Namibia[219] (C/D),[267]


  • Peru[326] (C/D, or E/F[267] from Brazil),


  • Portugal[326] (C/D),[267]


  • Serbia,[328]


  • Slovenia,[329]


  • Uruguay (C/D, or E/F[267] from Brazil)


  • Vietnam.[330]



Saab's head of exports Eddy de La Motte has stated that the Gripen's chances have improved as nations waver in their commitments to the F-35.[331]Richard Aboulafia of the Teal Group (an aerospace & defense analysis enterprise[332]) has attributed difficulty securing export sales to the Swedish government's inability to offer the same sort of strategic partnership as some rival aircraft manufacturing nations.[333] In September 2013, Saab's CEO Håkan Buskhe said he envisioned Gripen sales to reach 400 or 450 aircraft.[334]



Failed bids



Croatia


On 24 October 2015, Sweden announced its bid of the JAS 39 Gripen C/D for Croatia's fighter replacement requirement, following a request for information from the Croatian Ministry of Defence in June for between 8 and 12 newly built aircraft to replace the Croatian fleet of ageing MiG-21bis aircraft. According to the Ministry of Defence's Long-Term Development Plan (LTDP), however, the MiG-21 is to remain in service until 2024 as a result of ongoing modernisation programmes. The LTDP would run from 2015 to 2024 and was scheduled to have funding available for a replacement aircraft in 2019. Second-hand F-16s from another country were also considered.[335]


On 20 November 2017, two major newspapers reported that the JAS 39 Gripen MS 20 would compete against the Israeli F-16 Barak in the 2017 final tender for the new Croatian multirole fighter. Gripen competed against the new F-16 Block 70/72, the F-16 Barak from Israel, the Greek F-16, and the Korean FA-50.[citation needed] On 29 March 2018, the Croatian Government chose the Israeli bid for 12 F-16C/D Barak 2020 fighters over the Gripen.[336]



Denmark


In 2007, Denmark signed a Memorandum of Understanding between the Defence Ministers of Sweden and Denmark to evaluate the Gripen as a replacement for Denmark's fleet of 48 F-16s. Denmark also requested the development of Gripen variants featuring more powerful engines, larger payloads, longer range, and additional avionics; this request contributed to Saab's decision to proceed with the JAS E/F's development.[47][337] Denmark repeatedly delayed the purchase decision;[338] in 2013, Saab indicated that the Gripen was one of four contenders for the Danish purchase, alongside Boeing's Super Hornet, Lockheed Martin's F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, and the Eurofighter.[339] Denmark is a level-3 partner in the JSF programme, and has already invested US$200 million. The final selection was to be in mid-2015 where an order for 24 to 30 fighters was expected.[340] The Swedish government announced on 21 July 2014 the Gripen's withdrawal from the Danish competition, having chosen not to respond to the invitation to tender.[341] In May 2016, Denmark announced the intention to purchase 27 F-35 fighters.[citation needed]



Finland


Gripen first export bid was to Finland, where it competed against F-16, F/A-18, MiG-29 and Mirage 2000 to replace Finnish Air Force's J 35 Draken and MiG-21 fleet. In May 1992, McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 was announced as a winner[342] on performance and cost grounds. The Finnish Minister of Defence, Elisabeth Rehn, stated that delays in Gripen's development schedule had hurt its chances in the competition.[343]



Netherlands


In July 2008, the Netherlands announced it would evaluate Gripen NG together with four other competitors;[344] in response, Saab offered 85 aircraft to the Royal Netherlands Air Force in August 2008.[345] On 18 December 2008, it was reported that the Netherlands had evaluated the F-35 as having a better performance-price relation than the Gripen NG.[346][347] On 13 January 2009, NRC Handelsblad claimed that, according to Swedish sources, Saab had offered to deliver 85 Gripens for €4.8 billion to the Dutch Air Force, about 1 billion euro cheaper than budgeted for the F-35.[348]



Norway


On 18 January 2008, the Norwegian Ministry of Defence issued a Request for Binding Information (RBI) to the Swedish Defence Material Administration,[349] who issued an offer for 48 Gripens in April 2008.[350][351] On 20 November 2008, the selection of the F-35 Lightning II for the Royal Norwegian Air Force was announced, stating that the F-35 is the only candidate to meet all operational requirements;[352] media reports claimed the requirements were tilted in the F-35's favour.[353] Saab and Sweden's defence minister Sten Tolgfors stated that Norway's cost calculations were flawed;[60] the offer being for 48 Gripens over 20 years, but Norway had extrapolated it to operating 57 aircraft over 30 years, thus doubling the cost; cost projections also failed to relate to the Gripen's operational costs. Norway also calculated greater attrition losses than what Sweden considered reasonable. According to Tolgfors, Norway's decision complicated further export deals.[354][355]


In December 2010 leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that the United States deliberately delayed Sweden's request for access to a US AESA radar until after Norway's selection. The cables also indicated that Norwegian consideration of the Gripen "was just a show" and that Norway had decided to purchase the F-35 due to "high-level political pressure" from the US.[46]



Poland


The Gripen C/D was a contender for 48 multirole fighters for the Polish Air Force started in 2001. On 27 December 2002, the Polish Defence Minister announced the F-16C/D Block 50/52+'s selection.[356] According to Stephen Larrabee, the selection was heavily influenced by Lockheed Martin's lucrative offset agreement (totaling $3.5 billion and 170% offset against Gripen International's €3.2 billion with 146% offset) and by a political emphasis on Poland's strategic relationship with the US and NATO.[190] Both Gripen International and Dassault Aviation (who offered the Mirage 2000-5 Mk 2) described the decision as political.[357] According to a former Polish military defence vice-minister, the JAS 39 offer was better and included research participation proposals.[358]



Slovakia


On 30 August 2014, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Sweden signed a letter of intent agreeing to co-operate on using the Gripen, which might lead to acquisition of the aircraft by the Slovak Air Force. The letter of intent laid the foundation for bilateral co-operation around a common airspace surveillance of Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia was looking to replace its MiG-29 fighters and the Gripen has been reported as the aircraft of choice, although the requirement would go to open competition. They may seek to lease fighters rather than buy, as did neighbouring Hungary and the Czech Republic.[359]


In February 2018, the Slovak Ministry of Defence announced the launch of a new study to examine bids submitted by the US and Swedish governments for the F-16V Viper and Saab JAS 39 Gripen to replace the Slovak Air Force's current fleet of 12 MiG-29 aircraft. A spokesperson noted that only these aircraft are currently considered, and that new MiG-29 aircraft are not an option.[360] On 11 July 2018, the Slovakian Defense ministry announced that it will purchase 14 F-16V Block 70/72 aircraft instead of Gripen C fighters.[361]


The F-16V package includes ammunition, training and logistics for a total of €1.589 billion (US$1.85 billion). Political opposition, among them former Defence Minister Ľubomír Galko, expressed criticism that the deal has not been conducted transparently.[362]



Others


The Gripen was one of the candidates to replace the Austrian Air Force's ageing Saab 35 Drakens; the Eurofighter Typhoon was selected in 2003,[363] but is being considered again due to costs.[325][267] The Swedish government decided not to enter the Belgian contest.[364] Oman ended up with the Eurofighter Typhoon.[365][366] Romania decided to acquire used F-16s instead.[367]



Variants



Jet aircraft taxiing against a background of a shed and green trees

JAS 39 Gripen taxiing in after display, Farnborough 2006




  • JAS 39A: initial version that entered service with the Swedish Air Force in 1996. A number have been upgraded to the C standard.[368]


  • JAS 39B: two-seat version of the 39A for training, specialised missions and type conversion.[369] To fit the second crew member and life support systems, the internal cannon and an internal fuel tank were removed and the airframe lengthened 0.66 m (2 ft 2 in).[36]


  • JAS 39C: NATO-compatible version of Gripen with extended capabilities in terms of armament, electronics, etc. Can be refuelled in flight.[370]


  • JAS 39D: two-seat version of the 39C, with similar alterations as the 39B.[41]




Royal Thai Air Force JAS-39D in 2016




  • Gripen NG: improved version following on from the Gripen Demo technology demonstrator.[71] Changes from the JAS 39C/D include the more powerful F414G engine, Raven ES-05 AESA radar, increased fuel capacity and payload, two additional hardpoints, and other improvements.[65][66] These improvements have reportedly increased the Gripen NG costs to an estimated 24,000 Swiss Francs (US$27,000) per hour,[371] and increased the flyaway cost to 100 million Swiss Francs (US$113M).[372]


  • JAS 39E: single-seat production version developed from the Gripen NG program. Sweden and Brazil have ordered the variant.[83][170][231] Brazil's designation for this variant is F-39E.[256][373]


  • JAS 39F: two-seat version of the E variant. Eight ordered by Brazil,[244] to be developed and assembled there;[374] planned for pilot training and combat, being optimised for back seat air battle management, with jamming, information warfare and network attack, besides weapon system officer and electronic warfare roles.[375] Brazil's designation for the variant is F-39F.[256][373]



Proposals




  • Aggressor: ‘red team’ weaponless variant of the Gripen C & possibly D[376] intended for the UK's air support to defence operational training (ASDOT) requirement, and part of the US Air Force's adversary air (AdAir) opportunity.[377]


  • Gripen M: proposed carrier-based version based on the Gripen NG.[378][75] As of 2011[update], its development was underway.[77] As of 2013[update], Brazil and India[254] were interested. This variant has also been named Sea Gripen[379] or Gripen Maritime. In July 2017 the Brazilian Navy began studying the Saab Gripen for naval purposes by sending an attaché to the Brazilian Air Force. The Brazilian Navy is looking to replace its fleet of Douglas A-4 Skyhawk aircraft.[380]


  • Gripen UCAV: proposed unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) variant of the Gripen E.[79]


  • Gripen EW: proposed electronic warfare (EW) ‘Growler’ variant of the Gripen F.[94]



Operators




Gripen operators in blue with orders in cyan



Grey jet aircraft banking right over rural area with residential housing. The background is mostly green with yellow areas.

Saab JAS 39 Gripen of the Czech Air Force


There are 158 Gripens in service as of 2016.[381]




 Brazil

The Brazilian Air Force ordered 28 Gripen E and 8 Gripen F aircraft with 72 more to be ordered.[381]


 Czech Republic

The Czech Air Force has 14 Gripens on lease; these include 12 single-seat C models and two two-seat D models, in operation as of 2016.[381]
211. taktická letka





 Hungary

The Hungarian Air Force operates 14 Gripens (12 C-models and 2 D-model) on a lease-and-buy arrangement as of February 2017.[382]
'Puma' Harcászati Repülőszázad





 South Africa

The South African Air Force (SAAF) ordered 26 aircraft; 17 single-seat C-models and nine two-seater D-models.[23] The first delivery, a two-seater, took place on 30 April 2008.[201][383] It has 17 Cs and nine Ds in service as of 2016.[381]
No. 2 Squadron





 Sweden

The Swedish Air Force operates 74 Cs and 24 Ds and ordered 60 Es as of 2016 with 10 more aircraft planned to be ordered.[244][381] It originally ordered 204 aircraft, including 28 two-seaters. Sweden leases 28 of the aircraft to the Czech and Hungarian Air Forces.[384]

F 7 Såtenäs

F 17 Kallinge

F 21 Luleå






 Thailand

The Royal Thai Air Force has eight JAS 39Cs and four JAS 39Ds in use as of 2016.[381] In October 2013, the Thai government announced its intention to purchase another six Gripens.[217]
701 Fighter Squadron





 United Kingdom

The Empire Test Pilots' School operates Gripens for training. ETPS instructor pilots and students undergo simulator training with the Swedish Air Force, and go on to fly the two-seater Gripen at Saab in Linköping, in two training campaigns per year (Spring and Autumn). The agreement was renewed in 2008.[385]



Aircraft on display




Saab JAS 39 Gripen on display at the F 7 Såtenäs wing



  • Second prototype JAS 39-2 is on display at the Swedish Air Force Museum, Linköping.[386]

  • Single seat JAS 39A serial 39113 is displayed at the F 7 Såtenäs wing.

  • The Swedish government has donated one Swedish Air Force JAS 39A to Thailand for display at the Royal Thai Air Force Museum in Don Mueang, Bangkok.[387]



Accidents and incidents



As of January 2017[update], Gripen aircraft have been involved in at least 10 incidents, including nine hull-loss accidents, with one loss of life.[388]


The first two crashes, in 1989 and 1993 respectively, occurred during public displays of the Gripen and resulted in considerable negative media reports. The first crash was filmed by a Sveriges Television news crew and led to calls from previous critics of the project to cancel development altogether.[389] The second crash occurred in an empty area on the island of Långholmen during the 1993 Stockholm Water Festival with tens of thousands of spectators present. The decision to display the Gripen over large crowds was publicly criticised, and was compared to the 1989 crash.[390][391] Both the 1989 and 1993 crashes were related to flight control software issues.[392] The last crash occurred on 14 January 2017 at Hat Yai International Airport, Thailand, during an airshow for Thai Children's Day; the pilot did not survive.[393]



Specifications


JAS39 Gripen.svg


Side-view of circular aircraft engine exhaust nozzle, showing two distinct layers

Gripen engine nozzle



JAS 39C/D


Data from Saab Gripen,[159][394] Saab,[395][396]Aviation Week[397]


General characteristics




  • Crew: 1 (2 for 39D)


  • Length: 14.1 m ((46.3 ft))


  • Wingspan: 8.4 m ((27.6 ft))


  • Height: 4.5 m ((14.8 ft))


  • Wing area: 30 m² (323 ft²)


  • Empty weight: 6,800 kg (15,000 lb)


  • Max. takeoff weight: 14,000 kg ((30,900 lb))


  • Powerplant: 1 × 1 × Volvo RM12 afterburning turbofan


    • Dry thrust: 54 kN ((12,100 lbf))


    • Thrust with afterburner: 80.5 kN (18,100 lbf)




Performance




  • Maximum speed:

    • High altitude: Mach ≈2.00 (2,460+ km/h, 1,530+ mph)



  • Combat radius: 800 km ((497 mi))


  • Ferry range: 3,200 km (1,990 mi)


  • Service ceiling: 15 240 m (50 000 ft)


  • Wing loading: 283 kg / m² ()


  • Thrust/weight: 0.97


  • Takeoff distance: 500m


  • Landing distance: 600m


  • Maximum load factor: +9 / -3 g


Armament




  • Guns: 1 × 27 mm Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon with 120 rounds (single-seat models only)


  • Hardpoints: 8 - one dedicated for FLIR / ECM / LD / Reconn pod. two under the fuselage, two under and one on the tip of each wing. with a capacity of 5 300 kg (11 700 lb) and provisions to carry combinations of:


    • Rockets: 4 × rocket pods, 13.5 cm rockets


    • Missiles:

      • 6 × AIM-9 Sidewinder (Rb.74) or IRIS-T (Rb 98) or A-Darter

      • 4 × AIM-120 AMRAAM (Rb.99) or MICA

      • 4 × Meteor

      • 4 × AGM-65 Maverick (Rb.75)

      • 2 × KEPD.350

      • 2 × Rbs.15F anti-ship missile




    • Bombs:

      • 4 × GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb

      • 2 × Bk.90 cluster bomb

      • 8 × Mark 82 bombs






Avionics

Radar: PS-05 / A Pulse-Doppler



JAS 39E/F


Data from Saab,[398][399]Aviation Week[397]


General characteristics




  • Crew: 1 (2 for 39F)


  • Length: 15.2 m (49 ft 10 in)


  • Wingspan: 8.6 m (28 ft 3 in)


  • Height: 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in)


  • Wing area: 31 m² (334 ft²)


  • Empty weight: 8,000 kg (17,600 lb)


  • Max. takeoff weight: 16,500 kg (36,400 lb)


  • Fuel capacity: (combined) 7,018 kg (15,440 lb)


    • Internal: 3,400 kg (7,500 lb)


    • External: 3,655 kg (8,040 lb) using two 450 gal. and one 300 gal. drop tanks.




  • Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F414-GE-39E afterburning turbofan


    • Dry thrust: 64 kN (14,400 lbf)


    • Thrust with afterburner: 98 kN (22,000 lbf)




Performance




  • Maximum speed:


    • High altitude: Mach 2.0 (2,460+ km/h, 1,530+ mph)


    • Sea level: Mach 1.13 (1,400+ km/h, 860+ mph)


    • Without afterburner: Mach 1.25 (1,540+ km/h, 950+ mph) supercruise capable; Mach 1.1 with air-to-air weapons




  • Combat radius:


    • Air-to-ground: 1,500 km (932 mi)


    • Combat air patrol: 900 km (559 mi)




  • Ferry range: 4,000 km (2,485 mi)


  • Service ceiling: 16,000 m (>52,500 ft)


  • Wing loading: 258.06–532.26 kg/m² (52.69–108.98 lb/ft²)


  • Thrust/weight: 0.396–0.818 (dry); 0.605–1.249 (with afterburner)


  • Takeoff distance: 500m


  • Landing distance: 600m


  • Maximum load factor: +9 / −3 g


Armament




  • Guns: 1 × 27 mm Mauser BK-27 revolver cannon with 120 rounds (single-seat models only)


  • Hardpoints: 10 - one dedicated for FLIR / ECM / LD / Reconn pod. three under the fuselage, two under and one on the tip of each wing; with a capacity of 6,000 kg (13,227 lb) and provisions to carry combinations of:


    • Rockets: 4 × rocket pods, 13.5 cm rockets


    • Missiles:

      • 6 × AIM-9 Sidewinder (Rb 74) / IRIS-T (Rb 98) / A-Darter / ASRAAM / Python 4/5

      • 4 × AIM-120 AMRAAM (Rb 99) / MICA / R-Darter / Meteor

      • 4 × AGM-65 Maverick (Rb 75) Air-to-surface missile

      • 2 × KEPD 350 Air-launched cruise missile

      • 2 × RBS-15F anti-ship missile




    • Bombs:

      • 4 × GBU-12 Paveway II laser-guided bomb

      • 2 × Bk.90 cluster bomb

      • 8 × Mark 82 bombs






Avionics




  • Radar: Leonardo (formerly Selex) Raven ES-05 roll-repositionable AESA radar.


  • Electro-Optics: Leonardo Skyward-G IRST system.


  • IFF Transponder: Leonardo M428 transponder with full MkXIIA Mode S and Mode 5 compatibility.



See also




  • Flygsystem 2020

  • Fourth-generation jet fighter



Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era



  • Chengdu J-10

  • General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon

  • Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet

  • Dassault Rafale

  • Eurofighter Typhoon

  • Mikoyan MiG-29

  • CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder



Related lists



  • List of fighter aircraft

  • List of military aircraft of Sweden



References



Notes





  1. ^ ab Comprising 204 (30 Batch I, 110 Batch II, 64 Batch III) Gripens delivered to Sweden, 26 to South Africa, and 12 to Thailand. This figure does not include those of the Empire Test Pilots School, or Czech and Hungarian Gripens, with the latter two having received ex-Swedish Air Force aircraft. Five development aircraft were built.[11]


  2. ^ The Defense Material Agency reported 99 billion Swedish krona for the program between 1982 and 2009, including expenses for weapons and simulators.[2]


  3. ^ Literally "the Griffin", as the names of Swedish combat aircraft, like Viggen or Draken, are in the definite form.


  4. ^ Griffin is the animal[28] on the coat of arms of Östergötland, the province where Saab AB is headquartered (Linköping).[29]




Citations





  1. ^ "Försvarets materielverk – Gripen – milstolpar" [The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration – Gripen – milestones] (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 21 August 2010..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab "Sticker Shock: Estimating the Real Cost of Modern Fighter Aircraft" (PDF). Defense Aerospace (communiqué). July 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2014.


  3. ^ "The JAS-39 Gripen: Sweden's 4+ Generation Wild Card". Defense industry daily. 26 Jun 2017 [2014]. Retrieved 8 Jul 2017.


  4. ^ Pirone, Sabine (14 April 2009). "Saab Fails to Land Gripen Orders, Threatening Output" (news). Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 31 August 2012.


  5. ^ "Saab pinning its hopes on moving Gripen to Brazil". China daily. 2009-07-08.


  6. ^ "Stark milstolpe av Gripenprojektet" [Strong milestone by the Gripen project]. My news desk (press release). Archived from the original on 25 February 2014.


  7. ^ Nilsson 2012.


  8. ^ "Jas Gripen-utredning läggs ned" [Jas Gripen investigation closed down] (in Swedish). The Swedish Prosecution Authority. 16 June 2009. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009.


  9. ^ "'Super-Jas' costlier than expected: report". The Local. SE. 27 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.


  10. ^ "Gripen Maritime, the future of naval air power", Gripen fighter system, retrieved 26 May 2018.


  11. ^ "Gripen Multirole Fighter: In Use". Saab. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2011.


  12. ^ Frawley 2002, p. 147.


  13. ^ Törnell, Bernt (2007-02-05). "Svenska militära flygbaser" [Swedish military flight bases] (PDF). Försvarsmakten (in Swedish).


  14. ^ Rystedt, Jörgen (2009-04-25). "Flygbassystem 90" [Air base system 90] (PDF). FHT (in Swedish).


  15. ^ Spick 2000, pp. 426–27.


  16. ^ Björeman 2009, pp. 139–49.


  17. ^ "Om anslaget Flygvapenförband: Forskning och utveckling" [On the appropriation of Air Force Regiments: Research and development] (government bill) (in Swedish). Sweden: Riksdagen. 1977–78. 95.


  18. ^ abcd Williams 2003, p. 72.


  19. ^ Green & Swanborough 1987, p. 225.


  20. ^ JAS 39A, B 1992– (in Norwegian), NU: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek


  21. ^ abcde Williams 2003, p. 73.


  22. ^ ab Cross 1986, p. 27.


  23. ^ ab "Gripen: The Story So Far". Gripen International. Saab. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010. Swedish Parliament approves the program for the development of a new fighter aircraft


  24. ^ Williams 2003, pp. 73, 88.


  25. ^ Keijsper 2003, p. 12.


  26. ^ Flight International 1983, p. 64.


  27. ^ "Milestones JAS 39 Gripen". Projects. Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. 13 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2010. The new aircraft is named Gripen after a prize competition


  28. ^ "Griffin". Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 April 2015.


  29. ^ "Blazon", Dictionary (definition) (online ed.), Webster's, archived from the original on 15 December 2010, retrieved 20 July 2011


  30. ^ Winchester 2004, p. 216.


  31. ^ Flight International 1988, p. 3.


  32. ^ Gaines 1989, p. 4.


  33. ^ Flight International 1989, p. 3.


  34. ^ Keijsper 2003, pp. 12, 21.


  35. ^ ab Matláry & Ø̈sterud 2007, p. 150.


  36. ^ abcdefg Williams 2003, p. 88.


  37. ^ Forsberg 1994, p. 223.


  38. ^ Altaya 2011, Diversas versões ¶1a: "A necessidade de adaptar o Gripen às especificidades da Otan, para estimular as vendas no estrangeiro, levou ao desenvolvimento de uma nova versão chamada 'Turbo Gripen'. [The need to adapt the Gripen to the Nato specificities, to stimulate foreign sales, led to the development of a new version called 'Turbo Gripen'.]"


  39. ^ abc Bjarke, Louise Wileen (27 November 2008). "Stark milstolpe av Gripenprojektet" [Strong milestone by the Gripen project] (press release) (in Swedish). Swedish Defence Materiel Administration. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2013. Kostnaden för hela delserien om 64 flygplan blev hela 1500 miljoner lägre än vad som avtalats [The cost of whole series of 64 aircraft became 1.5 billion lower than what has been agreed].


  40. ^ Lorell 2002, p. 147.


  41. ^ ab Eliasson 2010, p. 256.


  42. ^ Lorell 2002, pp. 147–48.


  43. ^ Reece, Damian (8 December 2004). "BAE cuts Saab stake after Gripen revamp". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.


  44. ^ Page, Lewis (20 June 2011). "Saab fingers BAE over South African fighter deal". The Register. United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  45. ^ ab "Gripen – agreement in Norway" (Press release). Saab. 26 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2013.


  46. ^ ab "Sweden 'tricked' in failed Norway Gripen bid". The Local. SE. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  47. ^ ab "Gripen – A Catalyst for Danish Industry" (Press release). Saab. 4 December 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2013.


  48. ^ ab "JAS-projektet" [JAS project]. P3 Dokumentär (radio broadcast) (in Swedish). Sveriges Radio. 23 March 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.


  49. ^ "Regeringens proposition 1982/83:119 om riktlinjer för JAS-projektet" [on guidelines for the JAS project] (government bill) (in Swedish). Sweden: Riksdagen. 1982–83.


  50. ^ Björeman 2009, pp. 137–49.


  51. ^ Brändström 2003, pp. 61, 72.


  52. ^ Brändström 2003, pp. 57–62.


  53. ^ Brändström 2003, pp. 58–62, 72–73.


  54. ^ Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (7 February 2010). "BAE chiefs 'linked to bribes conspiracy'". The Observer. United Kingdom: The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  55. ^ ab Ekman, Ivar (11 May 2007). "Sweden's squeaky-clean image sullied by scandals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  56. ^ "Greven som sätter punkt för JAS-härvan" [Count which closes the JAS-scandal] (in Swedish). SE: SVT. 12 March 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.


  57. ^ "Call for new South African arms deal investigation". News. United Kingdom: BBC. 17 June 2011. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.


  58. ^ "Hawks reveals Arms deal bombshell". The Sunday Times. ZA. 31 July 2011. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.


  59. ^ Lindstroem, Jakob; Rothwell, Steve (5 September 2008). Jasper, Chris, ed. "Saab Says 'Turmoil' in Swedish Budget Hurts Earnings". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.


  60. ^ ab Hoyle, Craig (10 December 2008). "Saab launches attack on Norway's 'faulty' fighter analysis". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  61. ^ "Lessons learned from European defence equipment programmes" (PDF). Occasional Paper. European Union Institute for Security Studies. October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2013.


  62. ^ ab Joshi, Saurabh (4 July 2012). "Gripen operational cost lowest of all western fighters: Jane's". Strat Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2012.


  63. ^ "Försvaret: Minst 60 Super-Jas behövs" [Defense: At least 60 Super-Jas needed]. Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). SE. 17 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  64. ^ "Gripen Demo − Trail-blazing the future" (Press release). Saab. 19 June 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  65. ^ abc Hoyle, Craig (23 April 2008). "Pictures: Saab reveals Gripen Demo aircraft". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  66. ^ abc Hoyle, Craig (25 April 2008). "Saab's Demo aircraft to highlight Gripen NG capabilities". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  67. ^ "Gripen NG for the RNLAF" (PDF). JSF nieuws. Netherlands. August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2010.


  68. ^ Raven, Selex ES.


  69. ^ Schaerlaeckens, Leander (16 April 2009). "Gripen NG to carry new Finmeccanica-Selex radar". United Press International. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2010.


  70. ^ ab Trimble, Stephen (7 July 2012). "Saab Gripen features new AESA radar". Flightglobal. Farnborough. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  71. ^ ab "Saab's maiden flight with Gripen Demo" (Press release). Saab. 27 May 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  72. ^ Hoyle, Craig (22 January 2009). "Saab celebrates 'supercruise' test success for Gripen Demo". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  73. ^ ab Sweetman, William 'Bill' (14 June 2010). "New Gripen Firms Up". Aviation Week. New York: Penton Media. ISSN 0005-2175. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013.


  74. ^ "Sweden will buy new Gripen", Daily Air Force, …a common configuration known as Materiel Standard (MS)…


  75. ^ ab "Saab offers naval Gripen to India". Strat Post. 28 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2010.


  76. ^ abc F-X2: Brazil Picks Saab's JAS-39 Gripen-NG over Rafale, Super Hornet. Defense Industry Daily. 13 July 2014 [7 April 2010]. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2010.


  77. ^ ab Hoyle, Craig (14 May 2011). "Saab to complete Sea Gripen design work in UK". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  78. ^ Pocock, Chris; Donald, David (19 June 2013). "Defense Primes Discuss Fighter Updates at Paris 2013". AIN Online. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  79. ^ ab "Sweden: Saab mulls development of Gripen UCAV". Defense Market Intelligence. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  80. ^ "FAB Signs Acquisition Agreement for Gripen NG Which Will Benefit the Navy of Brazil". Defense-aerospace (Press release). Brazilian navy. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.


  81. ^ Hoyle, Craig (16 March 2010). "Sweden funds new weapons, radar boost for Saab Gripen". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  82. ^ ab "Switzerland Replacing Old F-5 Fighters with New Gripen". Defense Industry Daily. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  83. ^ abc Hoyle, Craig (17 January 2013). Swedish government approves 60-aircraft Gripen E programme. Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  84. ^ "Swedish government OKs purchase of 60 Saab Gripen jets". Reuter. 17 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  85. ^ Donald, David (12 July 2013). "Gripen Fires Production Meteor; Gripen E Assembly Begins". AIN online. Retrieved 3 April 2013.


  86. ^ "Saab får serieproduktionsbeställning på Gripen E för Sverige" [Saab receives order for series production Gripen E for Sweden] (Press release) (in Swedish). Saab. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013.


  87. ^ Kleja, Monica (2016-05-17). "Nya Gripen utmanar ryska stridsflygplanen". Ny Teknik (in Swedish).


  88. ^ ab Hoyle, Craig (13 March 2014). "Saab reveals full Gripen E design, cost savings". Flight Global. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 13 March 2014.


  89. ^ "Saab rolls out first Gripen E fighter – with video". Thai military & Asia region. Word press. 18 May 2016.


  90. ^ Hoyle, Craig (24 Nov 2016), "Gripen E flight slips into 2017 as Saab puts software first", Flight global, London.


  91. ^ Gripen E programme: taxi tests (video), Saab, 14 Dec 2016.


  92. ^ "Saab begins taxi tests of first Gripen E Fighter", Defense Aerospace (press release), FMV.


  93. ^ Hoyle, Craig (15 June 2017). "Saab's Gripen E makes flight debut". Flight Global. London: Reed Business Information. Retrieved 15 June 2017.


  94. ^ ab Mader 2015: ‘One of the ideas, once we have that F-model […] is that the future market will need a dedicated electronic-attack version…’


  95. ^ "This is Gripen E". Saab.


  96. ^ "First flight success for Gripen E". Saab.


  97. ^ "Gripen E makes maiden flight". Jane's 360.


  98. ^ Hoyle, Craig (17 May 2018), "Gripen E ready for weapons carriage trials", Flight global, London: Reed.


  99. ^ Karlsson, Arne (1998), Kompendium till 4E1201 Flygteknik [Compendium to 4E1201 Aeronautical Engineering] (in Swedish), Sweden: KTH.


  100. ^ Lindqvist & Widfeldt 2003, pp. 50–60, 133–37.


  101. ^ abcdefgh "Technical Specifications". Gripen fighter system. Saab. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.


  102. ^ Green & Swanborough 1987, pp. 227–28.


  103. ^ Williams 2003, pp. 81–82.


  104. ^ JAS, Mach flyg, archived from the original on 27 November 2014.


  105. ^ Eliasson 2010, pp. 125, 130: ‘extremely low-cost maintenance, or even “maintenance-free design” […] To reduce maintenance costs of aircraft & aircraft engines, sensors are increasingly used to monitor the health of the different functions that make up the whole.’


  106. ^ "Fighter Aircraft Design: Then and Now". Gripen: the smart fighter (World Wide Web log). Saab. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  107. ^ Tran, Pierre (15 July 2008). "Buy Now, Save a Bundle on the F-35". Defense News. Springfield, VA: Gannett Government Media. ISSN 0884-139X.
    [permanent dead link]



  108. ^ "Gripen and Switzerland: Industrial Partnership". Saab. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.


  109. ^ Henk 2006, p. 73.


  110. ^ "Facts on the Bilateral Cooperation Program between Thailand and Sweden by the Swedish Government" (PDF). Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012.


  111. ^ ab Trevisani, Paulo (20 December 2013). "New Gripen Fighter to Be Built at Brazil-Based Plant, Saab Executive Says". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  112. ^ ab O'Dwyer, Gerald (24 December 2013). "Swedish Government Looks to Add Value to Gripen-E Sale Talks". Defense News. Springfield, VA: Gannett Government Media. ISSN 0884-139X. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  113. ^ ab Frédriksen 2001, p. 280.


  114. ^ Frisberg 1998, p. 288.


  115. ^ Eliasson 2010, p. 125: ‘The Viggen software was updated every 18 months on average. The Gripen software is updated […] continuously.’


  116. ^ abc "Mission" (PDF). The Gripen. Saab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012.


  117. ^ abc "Ep-17 Gripen Display System". Saab. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.


  118. ^ Eliasson 2010, p. 126.


  119. ^ Sherman, Ron (1 October 2002). "The Gripen's NATO-ized Nins". Aviation Today. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  120. ^ Lake 2008, p. 2.


  121. ^ Williams 2003, p. 74.


  122. ^ Signal 1994, p. 32.


  123. ^ "Saab sees growing Gripen fighter demand amid Russia tensions", Reuters, Linköping, SE, 2015-04-27, retrieved 2 May 2015


  124. ^ Sweetman, William 'Bill' (2015-04-27), "Gripen radar upgrade aimed at Sweden & exports", Aerospace daily & defense report, Linköping, SE: Aviation Week, retrieved 2015-05-02, …the Saab PS-05/A Mk. 4 bucks the trend toward electronically scanned arrays in radar design by retaining a mechanically scanned antenna. A prototype made its first flight in a Gripen in December, on a JAS 39D, and the radar is being offered to the Swedish air force and to export customers.


  125. ^ Jennings, Gareth (2015-04-29), "Saab reveals enhanced radar for Gripen C/D fighter", International defense review, Linköping, SE: IHS Jane's 360, archived from the original on 2015-12-20, retrieved 2015-05-02, The upgraded radar, designated PS-05/A Mk4, features a new hardware and software, with the primary changes being in the system's 'back end'. A mechanically scanned radar, the Mk4 will offer a 150 % increase in high-altitude air-to-air detection ranges over the current Mk3 radar… In the air-to-air mode at low altitude, the Mk4 will provide a 140 % improvement over current capabilities by 2017… In addition to improving detection ranges, the Mk4 will allow for the full integration of modern weapon systems, such as the Raytheon Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) C-7, the Raytheon AIM-9X Sidewinder, and the MBDA Meteor beyond-visual-range missile.


  126. ^ ab Joshi, Saurabh (10 September 2009). "Gripen hardsells new AESA radar, low cost for MMRCA". Strat Post. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2010.


  127. ^ ab "Other Sensors". The Gripen Solution. Saab. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.


  128. ^ "Gripen Sensors Claim Counter-Stealth Performance", Aviation week, 17 March 2014.


  129. ^ Lundqvist, Anders (31 October 2007). "Saab History of Aircraft Data Links" (PDF). Smart-lab. SE: Saab. Retrieved 17 March 2014.


  130. ^ "PS 05/A – Fighter Radar Total Situation Awareness". Saab. 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.


  131. ^ abc "Reaktionsmotor 12 – både vacker och stark" [Reaction Engine 12 – both beautiful and strong]. Tech World (in Swedish). IDG. 8 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014.


  132. ^ ab "Human Machine Interface". The Gripen (product sheet). Saab. Archived from the original (JPEG) on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012.


  133. ^ "Saab to develop new Gripen avionics". United Press International. 26 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  134. ^ ab Larsson & Ekrot 2010, p. 1.


  135. ^ Larsson & Ekrot 2010, pp. 2, 4.


  136. ^ Flight International 1994, p. 15.


  137. ^ ab "Gripen surpasses 100,000 flight hours – Volvo Aero's engine safest in the world". Volvo Aero. 31 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  138. ^ Karlberg, Lars Anders (19 November 2010). "Volvo vill trimma Gripens motor" [Volvo wants to trim the Gripen's engine]. Ny Teknik (in Swedish). SE. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015.


  139. ^ "Eurojet aims EJ200 variant at thrust vectored Gripen". Flightglobal. 27 May 1998. Retrieved 13 January 2014.


  140. ^ Hoyle, Craig (7 October 2008). "NATO exercises test Gripen credentials". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  141. ^ Waligorski, Martin (April 2000). "JAS 39 Gripen in Detail – Underwing Stores and Armament". IPMS. Stockholm. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2006.


  142. ^ "Saab Gripen: The View from Sweden". Combat Aircraft Monthly (supplement). Shepperton, Middlesex: Ian Allan Publishing. December 2010.


  143. ^ "Litening III targeting pod". The South African Air Force (unofficial website). Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2012.


  144. ^ "Survivability". The Gripen Solution. Saab. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.


  145. ^ Brite cloude launch, Selex ES.


  146. ^ "Introducing The ESTL Modular Self Protection Pod". Gripen blogs. Saab. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.


  147. ^ "Communications". The Gripen Solution. Saab. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.


  148. ^ "Versions". The Gripen Solution. Saab. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.


  149. ^ Spick 2000, p. 426.


  150. ^ ab Williams 2003, p. 82.


  151. ^ Chant & Taylor 1999, p. 48.


  152. ^ Eliasson 2010, p. 130: ‘To reduce maintenance costs of aircraft & aircraft engines, sensors are increasingly used to monitor the health of the different functions that make up the whole.’


  153. ^ "Maintenance Ground Support System". Saab. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2012.


  154. ^ Sandberg, Anna; Strömberg, Ulrika (1999). "Gripen: with focus on availability, performance and life support cost over the product life cycle". Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering. 5 (4): 325–35. doi:10.1108/13552519910298082. ISSN 1355-2511.


  155. ^ "Gripen uses Dubai as launchpad for world sales". Flightglobal. Reed. 7 December 2003. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014. …the 204 Gripens on order from the Royal Swedish Air Force


  156. ^ Elliott 1993, p. 30.


  157. ^ Keijsper 2003, p. 30.


  158. ^ Eden 2004, p. 390.


  159. ^ ab Spick 2000, p. 431.


  160. ^ "Contract Finalized on Gripen's Future" (Press release). Saab. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  161. ^ "World Military Aircraft Inventory". Aviation Week & Space Technology. New York: Penton Media. January 2013. ISSN 0005-2175.


  162. ^ Hoyle, Craig (2015-03-25). "Swedish air force receives its last Gripen C". Fight global. London: Reed. Retrieved 2015-04-22.


  163. ^ Hoyle, Craig (4 April 2011). "Libya: Sweden sends Gripens to join Unified Protector". Flight international. Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  164. ^ "Sweden reaches new deal on Libya mission". The Local. SE. 8 June 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  165. ^ Silwer, Anders (24 October 2011). "Sista uppdraget över Libyen" [Last mission over Libya]. Flygvapenbloggen (Air Force Inspector) (in Swedish). SE. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.


  166. ^ Hepher, Tim (4 April 2011). "How Libya is a showcase in the new arms race" (special report). Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  167. ^ Kleja, Monica (8 November 2013). ""Gripen måste moderniseras för att klara flygstrider"" [Gripen has to be modernized to meet air battles]. Ny Teknik (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  168. ^ "Öppen utfrågning om nästa generation JAS Gripen" [Open hearing on the next generation of the JAS Gripen] (in Swedish). SE: Riksdagen. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  169. ^ "Det här tjänar skattebetalarna på" [This serves taxpayers] (in Swedish). SE: SVT. 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.


  170. ^ ab "Swedish jet fighter maker Saab receives order to upgrade jets". Europe Online. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  171. ^ Försvarsministern vill miljardsatsa på flygvapnet [Defence Minister wants a billion bet on the Air Force] (in Swedish), SE: SVT, 2014.


  172. ^ Rosén, Hans (2014-04-22), "Så vill regeringen stärka försvaret" [So the Government wants to strengthen the defense], DN (in Swedish), SE.


  173. ^ "Tjeckien tar in JAS-offert" [Czech Republic receives the JAS quote]. Dagens Industri (in Swedish). 17 October 2000. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  174. ^ Spreen 2007, p. 77.


  175. ^ "Tjeckien stoppar Jas-köp" [Czech Republic concludes Jas buy]. Dagens Industri (in Swedish). 13 September 2002. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  176. ^ "Tjeckien leasar Jas" [Czech leases JAS]. Dagens Industri (in Swedish). 16 June 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  177. ^ Bjarke, Louise Wileen (31 August 2005). "Gripenleverans klar på rekordtid" [Gripen delivery ready in record time] (press release) (in Swedish). Defence Materiel Administration. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014. Den första leveransen, av sex flygplan, skedde den 18 april… [The delivery of the first six aircraft took place on 18 April…]


  178. ^ "Czechs to extend Swedish Gripen fighter jet lease". Hosted news. Google. Agency France-Presse. 26 August 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  179. ^ abc "The Gripen Family". Combat Aircraft Monthly (supplement). Shepperton, Middlesex: Ian Allan. December 2010.


  180. ^ "Tjeckien: Ja till Gripen" [Czech Republic: No Gripen]. Ny Teknik (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2013.


  181. ^ Hoyle, Craig (19 May 2014). "Czech government signs Gripen lease extension". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 19 May 2014.


  182. ^ Hoyle, Craig (12 May 2015). "Czech air force looks to the future with enhanced Gripens". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2014.


  183. ^ "Czech military wants to raise number of Gripen fighters", České noviny (in Czech), Prague, 2014-11-11, archived from the original on 2014-11-12.


  184. ^ "Armáda chce více gripenů. Kvůli bezpečnosti v Evropě" [The army wants more gripens. For security in Europe]. Aktuálně (in Czech). Economia. 2014-11-11. Retrieved 3 May 2017.


  185. ^ Hoyle, Craig (12 May 2015), "Czech air force looks to the future with enhanced Gripens", Flight Global.


  186. ^ "Ungern på väg rata JAS" [Hungary on the road to JAS]. Dagens Industri (in Swedish). 28 August 2001. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  187. ^ "Jas-avtalet värt 5 mdr" [Jas agreement worth 5 billion]. Dagens Industri (in Swedish). 12 November 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  188. ^ Larrabee 2003, p. 24.


  189. ^ Stohl & Grillot 2009, p. 46.


  190. ^ ab Larrabee 2003, p. 25.


  191. ^ "Stridsflygplan JAS 39 C/D" [Fighter aircraft JAS 39C/D] (in Swedish). Försvarsmakten. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2014.


  192. ^ "Gripen överlämnad till Ungern" [Gripen handed over to Hungary]. Hällekis‐Kuriren (press release) (in Swedish). Defence Materiel Administration (Sweden). 30 March 2006. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014. …nio flygplanen kommer att ske successivt fram till december 2007 […nine aircraft will take place in stages up until December 2007].


  193. ^ "Indien vill inte ha Gripen" [India does not want Gripen]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014.


  194. ^ "Sweden approves 10-year extension of Hungary Gripen lease". BBJ. HU. 24 January 2012. The government of Sweden approved and ratified a ten-year extension of Hungary's lease of Gripen fighter aircraft […] Hungarian Defence Minister Csaba Hende said earlier that extending the lease until 2026 would save the state HUF 63bn.


  195. ^ "Gripen crash at Čáslav Air Force Base LKCV" (You tube) (video). CZ: Google. Retrieved 11 June 2015.


  196. ^ "Hungary: Pilot stable after crash landing Gripen fighter jet", The Big Story, AP, retrieved 10 Jun 2015.


  197. ^ "Örökre búcsút mondhatunk a Gripennek?" [Do we bid farewell to the Gripen forever?], Magyar Nemzet Online (in Hungarian), MNO, retrieved 10 Jun 2015


  198. ^ Dull, Szabolcs; Spirk, Jozsef; Bőtös, Botond; Kolbert, András (2015-05-19), "Lezuhant egy magyar Gripen Csehorszagban" [A Hungarian Gripen crashed in the Czech Republic], Index (in Hungarian), HU.


  199. ^ "Hungary will sign agreement covering loss of two JAS 39 Gripens". Jane’s.


  200. ^ Eliasson 2010, p. 256: 'BAe/Saab & the South African government signed a contract to produce 26 Gripen C & D aircraft (the export version), including additional modifications for the South African version & support systems (logistics, ILS &c).'


  201. ^ ab Hoyle, Craig (8 May 2008). "South Africa fields first Gripen fighter". Flightglobal. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  202. ^ Wingrin, Dean (10 April 2011). "SAAF takes delivery of three more Gripens". Defence Web. ZA. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2011.


  203. ^ Jennings, Gareth (17 July 2013). "Lack of 'positive response' forces Saab to axe South Africa-based Gripen school". Jane's Information Group. (Subscription required (help)).


  204. ^ Burger, Marcel (May 11, 2015). "Czechs to train future international Gripen pilots". Air heads fly. Retrieved May 14, 2015.


  205. ^ Martin, Guy (17 July 2013). "SAAF has no Gripen support contract". ZA: Defence Web. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  206. ^ "SAAF receives Gripen support contract", Defence Web, ZA, 20 December 2013.


  207. ^ Hartley, Wyndham (13 March 2013). "Almost Half of SA's Gripens 'in Storage'". Business Day. ZA. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  208. ^ Heitman, Helmoed-Römer (5 September 2013). "SAAF to rotate Gripens". Jane's. Retrieved 18 December 2013. (Subscription required (help)).


  209. ^ "Arms Deal Commission hears fighter jets met Air Force requirements". ZA: SABC. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  210. ^ abc Keck, Zackary (13 September 2013). "Thailand's Air Force: A Leading Power in ASEAN?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  211. ^ Hoyle, Craig (15 February 2008). "Thailand signs contract for six Saab Gripen fighters". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  212. ^ Hoyle, Craig (23 November 2010). "Thailand signs for more Gripen fighters, anti-ship missiles". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  213. ^ Acharya 2009, p. 163.


  214. ^ "Signing of Gripen 39 C/D Purchase Agreement" (PDF). Royal Thai Air Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.


  215. ^ Waldron, Greg (23 February 2011). "Thailand's first six Gripens arrive in Asia". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2011.


  216. ^ "Gripenplan träffades av blixtnedslag" [Gripen aircraft was hit by lightning]. Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). Sweden. 5 September 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  217. ^ ab "Thailand vill köpa fler Gripen" [Thailand wants to buy more Gripen]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Sweden. 22 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  218. ^ "Gripen for ETPS, Partnership for Excellence". Saab. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2011.


  219. ^ abc Cavas 2015: ‘Seven air forces operate or are committed to operating Gripens, along with one British Gripen D test aircraft. […] ″We know Colombia is going to replace their Kfir fleet, we've had questions from them,″ Ahlqvist said’.


  220. ^ "Saab expands its African footprint". Saab (press release). Mar 2014. Retrieved 2016-05-24.


  221. ^ Martin, Guy (2014-03-13). "Saab opens Botswana office". Defence Web. ZA. Retrieved 2016-05-24.


  222. ^ "Botswana to buy 16 Saab JAS-39C/D Gripen multirole fighters". Defence Blog. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.


  223. ^ "Eventuell Gripen-affär med Botswana" [Possible Gripen deal with Botswana]. Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). SE. 2016-05-13. Retrieved 17 May 2016.


  224. ^ "Botswana to Acquire 16 Saab JAS-39C/D Gripen Multirole Fighters". Strategic Intelligence Service. Intelligence briefs. Retrieved 2016-05-17.


  225. ^ "Botswana may buy 8 Saab JAS-39C/D Gripen". Quwa. 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-05-24.


  226. ^ Motlogelwa, Tshireletso (2016-06-10). "Drama of the Gripen jet". Business Weekly & Review. BW. Retrieved 2016-06-21.


  227. ^ Helfrich, Kim (2016-06-20). "Botswana going for Gripen". Defence Web (report). ZA. Retrieved 2016-06-21.


  228. ^ Trimble, Stephen (6 October 2008). "Brazil names three finalists for F-X2 contract, rejects three others". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  229. ^ Wall, Robert (Nov 18, 2014), "Brazil may buy over 100 Gripen jets", The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & co, (Subscription required (help)).


  230. ^ "Le Brésil choisit le Gripen E" [Brazil chose the Gripen E], 24 heures (in French), CH, 18 December 2013.


  231. ^ abc Salles, Felipe (18 December 2013). "Saab wins Brazil's F-X2 fighter contest with Gripen NG". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  232. ^ "Saab offers Gripen to Brazil" (Press release). Saab. 2 February 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  233. ^ "FAB prefere caça sueco a francês" [Brazilian air force prefers Swedish fighter to the French one]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Folha da Manhã. 5 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2010.


  234. ^ "Mantega diz que país não tem dinheiro para comprar caças" [Mantega says the country has no money to buy fighters]. Economia (in Portuguese). UOL. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2011.


  235. ^ "Amorim espera decisão de caça no 1º semestre" [Amorim expects decision on fighter in the first semester] (in Portuguese). Reuters. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2012.


  236. ^ "Após redução de preço, Lula e Jobim teriam escolhido Rafale" [After price reduction, Lula and Jobim supposed to have chosen Rafale]. Notícias (in Portuguese). Terra. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  237. ^ "Le Brésil préfère le F-18 au Rafale de Dassault" [Brazil prefers the F‐18 to Dassault's Rafale]. Le Parisien (in French). 9 February 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  238. ^ "Após mais de dez anos, Dilma escolhe caças suecos para a FAB" [After more than 10 years, Dilma chooses Swedish fighters to FAB]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Folha da manhã. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  239. ^ ab "Rio 2016 Olympics: Sweden to lend Brazil fighter jets". India Today. Rio de Janeiro. 21 December 2013. The jets will be loaned to Brazil by the Swedish Air Force, since the 36 purchased won't be ready for delivery until 2023 […] Company Vice President Lennart Sindahl, in an interview with Brazilian daily O Globo, said Saab will set up a factory in São Jose dos Campos, São Paulo state, to produce the Gripen jets […] the plant could go on to build planes for export to Latin America, Africa and Asia.


  240. ^ ab "Argentina compraría cazas Gripen NG a Brasil" [Argentine would buy Gripen NG fighters from Brazil], Taringa (in Spanish), 2014-10-22, También existen negociaciones muy avanzadas para ofrecerlo en Ecuador, donde también se ofrecen aviones de medio uso Gripen C, que pueden ser repotenciados en el futuro al nivel del nuevo Gripen NG, en que podría convertirse en el avión de primera línea de batalla en la Fuerza Aérea Ecuatoriana y el más moderno en su inventario [There are also very advanced negotiations to offer it to the Ecuador, also offering half-life Gripen C aircraft that could in the future be upgraded to the new Gripen NG level, which could become the Ecuatorian Air force first battle line aircraft, the most modern in its inventory].


  241. ^ ab Jasper & Rolander 2014: 'A carrier version of the plane may be an option for Brazil, with Argentina, Ecuador and Mexico among possible export targets.'


  242. ^ "Saab wins Brazil jet deal after NSA spying sours Boeing bid". Reuters. Brasília, São Paulo. 18 December 2013. But revelations of spying by the US National Security Agency in Brazil, including personal communication by Rousseff, led Brazil to believe it could not trust a US company.


  243. ^ Higuera, José; Ansari, Usman (30 November 2014). "Argentina's Jet Fighter Replacement Options Narrow". Defense news. Gannett. Retrieved 30 November 2014.


  244. ^ abc Saab & Brazil sign contract for Gripen NG (press release), Saab, 2014-10-27, Gripen NG deliveries to the Brazilian Air Force will be undertaken from 2019 to 2024. […] The commitments by Sweden and Brazil secure Gripen's industrial and operational future into the 2050 timeframe.


  245. ^ Thisdell, Dan (27 October 2014). "Saab, Brazil finalise Gripen NG deal". Flight Global. Retrieved 6 April 2015.


  246. ^ Jennings, Gareth (5 August 2015). "Brazilian Senate approves Gripen financing deal". Defence Weekly. IHS Jane's. Retrieved 6 August 2015.


  247. ^ Stochero, Tahiane (2014-10-28), "15 caças Gripen serão montados no Brasil, diz executivo da Saab" [15 Gripen fighters will be assembled in Brazil, says Saab executive], G1 (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Globo, Os aviões bipostos devem ficar para o final do plano de entrega. […] a mudança no valor refere-se a ‘adaptações para as necessidades brasileiras’ da aeronave, como modificações na […] aviônica e exigências para a comunicação eletrônica e via rádio.


  248. ^ "AEL Delivers Wide Area Display Software For Brazilian Gripen Jets", Defense world, 2016-05-06.


  249. ^ "AEL Sistemas delivers avionics systems for Brazilian Gripen NGs", Jane’s, 2015-09-04.


  250. ^ de Martini, Fernando; Santos, Phac (2014-10-28), "Acordo de compensação da compra do Gripen supera 9 bilhões de dólares" [Compensation deal for Gripen acquisition surpasses 9 billion dollars], Aéreo (in Portuguese).


  251. ^ de Martini, Fernando (2014-10-28), "Pilotos de caça da FAB estão de partida para treinar no Gripen na Suécia" [FAB fighter pilots are leaving to train on the Gripen in Sweden], Aéreo (in Portuguese).


  252. ^ "Brazilian air force confirms Gripen acquisition numbers", Flight Global, 18 November 2014.


  253. ^ "Brazilian military could buy over 100 Saab's Gripen multirole combat aircraft". Air recognition. November 19, 2014.


  254. ^ ab Jennings 2013: 'the deal for 36 aircraft for the Brazilian Air Force "opens up a whole new realm of possibilities" for the Sea Gripen, with the Navy having a notional requirement for 24 aircraft to operate from its São Paulo aircraft carrier. […] discussions with India have been taking place behind the scenes. "There has been a conversation with the Indian Navy, which is looking at the Sea Gripen separate to the [Indian Air Force] MMRCA [Medium MultiRole Combat Aircraft requirement]," he said, adding: "The Indian Navy [interest in Sea Gripen] never went away."'


  255. ^ Trimble, Stephen (10 September 2015). "Brazil finalises $4.68bn Gripen NG deal". Flight Global. Washington, DC: RBI. Retrieved 11 December 2016.


  256. ^ abc Trimble, Stephen (27 October 2015). "KC-390 resumes flight tests as defence unit rebaselines". Flight Global. RBI. Retrieved 27 January 2016.


  257. ^ "Официално: България избра Gripen" [Official: Bulgaria chose Gripen], Aeropress (in Bulgarian), 2017-04-26.


  258. ^ Tsolova, Tsvetelia; Krasimirov, Angel (26 April 2017). "Bulgaria opts for Swedish Gripen combat jets". Defense News. Sofia, BG. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.


  259. ^ Jennings, Gareth (26 April 2017). "Bulgaria opts for Gripen". IHS Jane's 360. London. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.


  260. ^ "Bulgaria selects Saab Gripen". AirHeads Fly. 26 April 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.


  261. ^ Tsolova, Tsvetelia; Krasimirov, Angel; Mahlich, Greg (26 April 2017). "Bulgaria opts for Swedish Gripen combat jets". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.


  262. ^ "Цветанов: ГЕРБ не участва в задкулисни преговори за изтребителите "Грипен"" [Tsvetanov: GERB does not participate in backstage negotiations for Gripen fighters], 24 Цаса (in Bulgarian), 2017-04-27.


  263. ^ "Правителството прие като най-изгодна офертата за шведските изтребители "Грипен"" [The government has accepted the most advantageous offer for Swedish Gripen fighter jets], Дневник (in Bulgarian), 2017-04-26.


  264. ^ "Government launches open and transparent competition to replace Canada's fighter aircraft". Cision. Ottawa. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.


  265. ^ Keddie, Ian (26 February 2018). "Canada identifies five potential suppliers for its future fighter competition". IHS Jane's 360. Toronto. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.


  266. ^ Connolly, Amanda (12 December 2017). "Canada launches contest for 88 fighter jets, with clause taking aim at Boeing trade challenge". Global News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.


  267. ^ abcdefghijk Jennings 2015.


  268. ^ Saumeth, E (24 May 2016). "Saab está en disposición de sumministrar su Gripen C/D a Colombia en 18 meses" [Saab can deliver its Gripen C/D to Colombia in 18 months] (in Spanish). Info defensa. Retrieved 12 June 2016.


  269. ^ "Working group proposes multi-role fighters to replace F/A-18 aircraft" (press release). FI: Def Min. 11 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.


  270. ^ "Finland sends RFI to 4 countries for Hornet replacement". The Finland times. 23 Apr 2016.


  271. ^ "Requests for Quotation for the HX Programme will be sent to all candidates" (press release). FI: Ministry of Defence. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.


  272. ^ "The Finnish Defence Forces' Logistics Command received responses concerning the replacement of the Hornet aircraft" (press release). FI: Ministry of Defence. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2017.


  273. ^ "Gripen not on the shortlist for the Indian MMRCA programme" (Press release). Saab. 27 April 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012.


  274. ^ "Saab Offers Gripen to the Indian Air Force" (Press release). Saab. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  275. ^ "Saab opens office in India" (press release). Saab. 28 January 2009.


  276. ^ "Saab and TCS sign Letter of Intent in India" (Press release). Saab. 10 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  277. ^ "Gripen Arrives for MMRCA Field Trials" (Press release). Free Press Release. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  278. ^ "Europeans ahead in $10bn race for jets". The Times of India. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2011.


  279. ^ Shukla, Ajai (3 April 2010). "Air Force gives Gripen fighter a second chance". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  280. ^ Ali, Idrees (18 April 2015). "India Looks to Become Arms Supplier Instead of Buyer". VoA news. The Voice of America. Retrieved 19 April 2015.


  281. ^ Shukla, Ajai (8 October 2016). "IAF kicks off contest to make single-engine fighters in India". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 October 2016.


  282. ^ "Eyeing jet deal, Saab offers full tech transfer to India". India Times Economic Times. New Delhi. 22 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 November 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.


  283. ^ Indonesia emerging defence economy (PDF), SG: RSIA, Jul 2014.


  284. ^ Grevatt, Jon (27 July 2016). "Saab bids in Indonesian fighter contest with Gripen". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly (30). IHS Jane's. p. 11.


  285. ^ Grevatt, Jon (5 October 2016). "Saab targets Gripen at Philippine Air Force". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. 53 (40): 8.


  286. ^ Flight Plan 2028, Philippine air force.


  287. ^ Grevatt, Jon (13 June 2018). "Saab's Gripen positioned for Philippines fighter requirement". IHS Jane's 360. Bangkok. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.


  288. ^ http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051097?fbclid=IwAR22IaODDJN_jimupDjF3wJcL8ua0GujE2lnHipxIq9SYcgM1XpRxRsjlqg


  289. ^ DND plans to buy Sweden-made jets http://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/278089/dnd-plans-to-buy-sweden-made-jets.html


  290. ^ http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1051097 DND likely to acquire Swedish-made fighter jets


  291. ^ Polskie F-35 od 2021? [Polish F-35 from 2021] (in Polish), 26 February 2014, archived from the original on 26 February 2014


  292. ^ "Poland to buy 64 fifth-generation fighters". Jane’s. Retrieved 19 November 2014.


  293. ^ "Boeing zainteresowany polskim rynkiem. F-18 zamiast F-35" [Boeing interested in the Polish market. F-18 instead of F-35]. Defence 24 (in Polish). 2014-03-24. Retrieved 19 November 2014.


  294. ^ Adrien (2014-02-26). "Poland to procure 64 multi-role jet fighter". Air recognition. Retrieved 19 November 2014.


  295. ^ Siminski, Jacek (2017-11-27). "Poland launches program Harpia to procure new multirole combat aircraft". The Avionist. Retrieved 23 November 2017.


  296. ^ Siminski, Jacek (2017-11-27). "Five companies interested in Polands next generation fighter program Harpia". The Avionist. Retrieved 22 December 2017.


  297. ^ O'Dwyer, Gerald (24 January 2008). "Gripen Invited to Tender for Swiss Contract". Defense News. Springfield, VA: Gannett Government Media. ISSN 0884-139X. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
    [permanent dead link]



  298. ^ Tran, Pierre (14 July 2008). "Saab's Gripen Flies Out for Swiss Trials". Defense News. Springfield, VA: Gannett Government Media. ISSN 0884-139X.


  299. ^ Wall, Robert (11 November 2009). "Updated Swiss Fighter Bids Are In". Aviation Week. New York: Penton Media. ISSN 0005-2175.


  300. ^ "Schweiz köper 22 Jas Gripen" [Switzerland buys 22 JAS Gripen] (in Swedish). SE: Sveriges Television. 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011.


  301. ^ "Sweden to buy 40–60 next generation Saab Gripen jets". Reuters. 25 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  302. ^ Oppliger, C, Lt Col GS (November 2009). "SAF/OT&E Flight Test Effectiveness Report NFA Evaluation 2008/2009" (PDF). Newsnetz. CH: SAF. Retrieved 12 February 2012.


  303. ^ Plattner, Titus (12 February 2012). "Ce qu'Ueli Maurer a caché" [What Ueli Maurer hid]. Le Matin (in French). Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2012.


  304. ^ "Switzerland Puts Gripen To The Test". Space War. 14 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2012.


  305. ^ "Swiss Fighter Jet Purchase to Go Ahead Despite Criticism". Defense News. Springfield, VA: Gannett Government Media. Agency France-Presse. 21 August 2012. ISSN 0884-139X. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  306. ^ "Final verdict Swiss Eval 2012". CH. February 2012.


  307. ^ "Schweiz vidare med Gripen-affär" [Switzerland moves forward with Gripen deal]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). SE. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  308. ^ "Sweden to lend Gripen fighters to Switzerland". The Local. SE. AFP. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  309. ^ "Die Schweiz entscheidet sich für einen Schweden" [Switzerland decides for Sweden]. Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). 30 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  310. ^ "Saab pledges Swiss production as eyes fighter jet deal". Stockholm. Reuters. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  311. ^ "Nationalratskommission sagt Ja zum Gripen" [National Commission says yes to the Gripen]. Tages-Anzeiger (in German). CH. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  312. ^ "Der Gripen gewinnt an Flughöh" [The Gripen gains flight altitude] (in German). CH: Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  313. ^ "Le Conseil national accepte de libérer 3 milliards pour le Gripen" [The national Council agrees to liberate 3 billions for the Gripen] (in French). CH: RTS Info. 11 September 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  314. ^ "Eidgenössische Abstimmungen: Das Volk will den Gripen nicht" [Swiss Voters: The people does not want the Gripen]. NZZ (in German). CH. 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.


  315. ^ Hoyos, Carola (29 September 2013). "Saab chief says low price tag makes Gripen jets stand out from rivals". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2014-02-14.


  316. ^ "Gripen-Nein: So reagiert die Presse" [Gripen No: How the press reacted]. SRF (in German). CH. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.


  317. ^ Neues Kampfflugzeug [New fighter aircraft] (in German), CH: VBS, archived from the original on 4 February 2017.


  318. ^ Jennings, Gareth (20 April 2015). "Switzerland to relaunch F-5 replacement effort in 2017". Defense Weekly. IHS Jane's 360. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016.


  319. ^ Lagneau, Laurent (2015-04-21), "La Suisse relancera le processus d'acquisition d'avions de combat en 2017" [Switzerland will relaunch combat aircraft acquisition process in 2017], Opex 360 (in French), Zone Militaire, S'agissant de la nouvelle procédure d'achat qui devrait donc être lancée en 2017, le Gripen E/F est à nouveau favori. D'ailleurs, c'est le premier appareil qui est venu à l'esprit de M. Maurer quand il lui a été demandé à quels types d'avions il pensait. [In the new acquisition process that should be then launched in 2017, the Gripen E/F is again favourite. Anyway, it is the first model in M. Maurer's {the Swiss Minister of defense} mind when asked which types he considered.]


  320. ^ Sprenger, Sebastian (27 March 2018). "Switzerland names contenders in $8 billion 'Air 2030' program". DefenseNews. Cologne, Germany. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.


  321. ^ "No more than CHF8 billion for new fighter jets". Swiss Info. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2018.


  322. ^ Johnson, Rueben F (24 October 2018). "Update: Switzerland's Air 2030 plan narrows down options". IHS Jane's 360. Kiev. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.


  323. ^ Aguilera, Edgardo (21 October 2014), "Argentina quiere comprar 24 cazas supersónicos" [Argentine wants to buy 24 supersonic fighters], Ámbito (in Spanish), São Paulo, BR, Se trata de los aviones Saab Gripen. Se firmará en San Pablo una declaración conjunta, ratificando la intención del país de sumarse a la renovación de la flota iniciada por Brasil [It concerns the Saab Gripen aircraft. In São Paulo a joint declaration will be signed ratifying the intention of the country {Argentina} to joint the fleet renewal Brazil started].


  324. ^ Niebieskikwiat, Natasha, "Preocupa en Londres que Argentina busca comprar aviones de combate" [Worries at London that Argentine wants to buy combat aircraft], Clarín (in Spanish), AR, retrieved 2015-10-30.


  325. ^ ab Jennings 2015a.


  326. ^ abcdef Jennings 2014.


  327. ^ Nygårds, Olle (2015-06-16), "Tre afrikanska länder intresserade av Gripen" [Three African countries interested in the Gripen], SvD (in Swedish), SE, Under den pågående flygmässan i Paris pekar Saab nu ut tre nya länder som visar intresse för bolagets flygplan. Det rör sig om Botswana, Namibia och Kenya [During the ongoing Paris Air Show, Saab points out three new countries showing interest in the company's aircraft. They are Botswana, Namibia and Kenya].


  328. ^ Vasovic, Aleksandar; Fletcher, Philippa (16 December 2011). "Serb air force seeks new fighter jets". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.


  329. ^ Kucic, Dino (27 October 2010). "Croatia, Slovenia to pursue joint fighter deal". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  330. ^ Phong, Dao (25 August 2013), "Việt Nam sẽ thay thế toàn bộ Mig-21 bằng JAS-39 Gripen" [Vietnam will replace the entire MiG-21 fleet by JAS-39 Gripen], Người đưa tin (in Vietnamese), VN.


  331. ^ Wall, Robert (20 March 2013). "Saab Says Gripen Export Chances Rise as F-35 Buyers Review Plans". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  332. ^ About, The Teal group, archived from the original on 19 May 2015, Teal Group is a team of experienced analysts and service professionals founded in 1988 to research and publish timely, accurate information on the aerospace and defense industry.


  333. ^ Muradian, Vago (26 June 2013). "Outlook on the global fighter market". Defense news TV. Washington, DC: Gannett. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.


  334. ^ "Spår ny vår for Gripen-produsent" [Prediction of new Spring for Gripen manufacturer]. E24 Næringsliv (in Norwegian). NO. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013.


  335. ^ Forrester, Charles (26 October 2015). "Sweden announces Gripen bid for Croatia". 360. London: IHS Jane's. Retrieved 12 November 2015.


  336. ^ "Israeli F-16C/D Barak wins fighter bid in Croatia". Jane’s Defense. UK. 3 April 2018.


  337. ^ "New Gripen variants studied by Saab". Flightglobal. Flight International. 27 June 2006. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  338. ^ "Fighter jet decision postponed – again". The Copenhagen Post. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.


  339. ^ "Saab says Gripen in running for Danish fighter deal". The Economic Times. IN. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013.


  340. ^ O'Dwyer, Gerard (2013-09-01), "Denmark Prioritizes Jobs in New Fighter Competition", Defense News, Helsinki.


  341. ^ Stevenson, Beth (23 July 2014), "Gripen will not compete in Danish fighter competition", Flight global.


  342. ^ Stephenson, Daryl (5 May 1992). "Finland selects McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet as Winner in DX competition". The free library (press release). Saint Louis, MS: McDonnell Aircraft. The government of Finland has selected the McDonnell Douglas (NYSE: MD) F/A-18 Hornet as the winner in its DX fighter competition.


  343. ^ Siivet [The Wings] (in Finnish) (3), 1993.


  344. ^ "Holland utvärderar Gripen" [Holland evaluates Gripen]. Dagens Industri (in Swedish). 7 July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009.


  345. ^ "The Netherlands shows interest in Gripen" (Press release). Saab. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  346. ^ Trimble, Stephen (19 December 2008). "Dutch military report ranks F-35 superior to rivals". Flightglobal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  347. ^ "De Vries: JSF is beter dan Gripen" [De Vries: JSF is better than Gripen]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.


  348. ^ "Saab verrast met prijs opvolger F-16" [Saab surprises with price for F-16 successor]. NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). 13 January 2009. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2014.


  349. ^ "Both Switzerland and Norway shows Interest in Gripen" (Press release). Saab. 18 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  350. ^ "Gripen proposal to Norway delivered" (Press release). Saab. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  351. ^ "WikiLeaks, Weaklings and Weasel". Aviation Week. 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2011.


  352. ^ "Går inn for Joint Strike Fighter" [Going in for Joint Strike Fighter] (Press release) (in Norwegian). NO: Prime Minister's Office. 20 November 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2013.


  353. ^ Acher, John; Solem, Richard (21 December 2007). "Eurofighter suspends Norway, Denmark sale efforts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2011.


  354. ^ "Norge räknade fel i Gripenaffär" [Norway miscalculated in Gripen deal] (in Swedish). SE: SVT. 10 February 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011.


  355. ^ "Gripen passer ikke for Norge" [Gripen does not suit Norway]. E24 (in Norwegian). NO. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011.


  356. ^ "Polish F‐16 cz I" [Polski F-16 part I] (in Polish). PL: Ministertwo Obrony Narodowej. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2011.


  357. ^ "Dlaczego kupiliśmy F-16, choć Gripen dawał lepszy offset?" [Why we bought the F-16, although the Gripen gave better offset?]. Bankier (in Polish). 12 April 2009. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2012.


  358. ^ Chadzynzki, Marek. "Dlaczego kupiliśmy F-16, choć Gripen dawał lepszy offset?" [Why we bought the F-16, although the Gripen gave better offset?]. Konflikty (in Polish). PL: WP. Archived from the original (video) on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2012.


  359. ^ Stevenson, Elisabeth (2 September 2014), "Slovakia creeps closer to Gripen agreement", Flight Global, London.


  360. ^ Kominek, Jiri (7 February 2018). "Slovakia launches new fighter procurement study". IHS Jane's 360. Prague. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.


  361. ^ "Slovakia selects F-16 over Gripen for new fighters", Defense news, 2018-07-11.


  362. ^ "Cabinet approved purchase of 14 US F-16s". Spectator. SK. Retrieved 2018-07-13 – via Petit Press.


  363. ^ "Cancelled Orders", F-16.net.


  364. ^ Insinna 2017: ‘Sweden will not put forward Saab’s Gripen E for Belgium’s fighter contest, the country’s defense ministry announced Monday.’


  365. ^ "BAe offers Gripen to Oman to replace Jaguar" (PDF), Flight International (scan), Flight Global, p. 10, 26 March – 1 April 1997, retrieved 2014-01-19.


  366. ^ Chuter, Andrew; Mehta, Aaron; Tran, Pierre (4 January 2014), "Trouble for the twin engine giants?", Defense news, Last summer saw the successful conclusion of a deal with Oman for 12 Typhoons.


  367. ^ "Nothing but Netz: Used F-16s for Romania", Defense Industry Daily, 11 November 2003, …the F-16 was always the most probable choice, barring a really excellent deal from Saab. After canvassing the Israelis, the Dutch, and even the Americans for offers, Romania finally settled on F-16s from Portugal in September 2012.


  368. ^ "Klart för nya Super-Gripen" [Ready for the new Super-Gripen]. E24 (in Swedish). Sweden. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.


  369. ^ Gripen Multi role fighter, Saab, 2014, archived from the original on 23 February 2014, retrieved 17 February 2014, A two-seat version of the Gripen, which retains the full operational capability of the single-seater, is also available for tactical weapons training, more specialised missions and type conversion.


  370. ^ Eliasson 2010, p. 256: '…this involved modifying the JAS 39 Gripen aircraft to NATO standards and for in‐flight refueling.'


  371. ^ Gafner, Beni (2012-09-26), "Die Schweiz erhaelt umgebaute Occasions Gripen" [Switzerland gets converted occasion Gripens], Berner zeitung (in German), Bern, BE, CH.


  372. ^ Kleja, Monica (11 December 2012), "Svensk Gripen E påstås dyrare än schweizisk" [Swedish Gripen E allegedly more expensive than the Swiss one], NyTeknik (in Swedish), SE.


  373. ^ ab Annual Report 2015 (PDF), Embraer, 2015, p. 42, retrieved September 3, 2016


  374. ^ Coelho 2014.


  375. ^ "Top Stories So Far: Some Things You Ought to Know About Gripen NG", Gripen, the wings of your nation (official World Wide Web log), Saab, 16 Jul 2015, retrieved 2015-07-16, A two-seater version of Gripen NG is in development and will be used for both pilot training and combat missions. For the combat role, this version will be optimised to enable air battle management from the back seat, including jamming, information warfare and network attack capabilities. Weapon System Officer (WSO) and EW roles can also be facilitated from this position.


  376. ^ Jennings, Gareth (14 September 2017), "DSEI 2017: Saab presents new Gripen Aggressor", Jane's Defence Weekly, IHS, The Gripen Aggressor is essentially a newbuild Gripen C that has had its offensive weapons capability (including the internal cannon) removed. While it is currently modelled on the single-seat Gripen C, Smith noted that a twin-seat Gripen D version could be offered if a customer requested it.


  377. ^ Hoyle, Craig (12 Sep 2017), "Gripen Aggressor targets UK, US requirements", Flight Global, London, Saab has launched a new derivative of its Gripen C, which it believes is ideally suited to meeting the future adversary training needs of the UK and USA.


  378. ^ "Gripen M In Brief" (PDF). Saab. April 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.


  379. ^ "Saab shifts Gripen M focus from Brazil to India", Jane’s, IHS, 15 March 2017, archived from the original on 25 March 2017.


  380. ^ Barreira, Victor (20 July 2017). "Brazilian Navy makes moves towards potential new Gripen maritime fighters". Jane's 360. IHS. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.


  381. ^ abcdef "World Air Forces". Flight Global. 2016.


  382. ^ "Honvedelem". HU. 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.


  383. ^ Flanagan, Louise (4 September 2013), "SAAF jets aren't in storage, says general", IOL, ZA.


  384. ^ Hoyle, Craig (7 September 2007). "Gripen enhancements escape Swedish cutbacks". Flightglobal. Reed Business Information. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.


  385. ^ "Saab signs new agreement with UK's test pilots' school" (Press release). Saab. 15 February 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2013.


  386. ^ Käsper, Rickard (2016-11-25). "JAS 39 Gripen". Flygvapenmuseum. Retrieved 15 November 2017.


  387. ^ "The Swedish Air Force has donated a Gripen 39A fighter aircraft to exhibit in the Royal Thai Air Force". Bangkok Post. Photos of the week. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.


  388. ^ "Saab JAS 39 incidents". Aviation Safety Network. Flight safety foundation. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011. Note page has two entries for the 31 May 2010 accident with the same serial number.


  389. ^ Brändström 2003, pp. 17–18, 23–24.


  390. ^ Brändström 2003, pp. 5–6.


  391. ^ "JAS Gripen störtar på Långholmen" [JAS Gripen crashes on Långholmen]. Minnen [Memories] (in Swedish). SE: Sveriges Radio. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-06.


  392. ^ Eden 2004, p. 389.


  393. ^ "โชว์ระทึก! เครื่องบินผาดโผนร่วงพื้น ระเบิดในงานวันเด็ก" [Frightening air show, the fighter crashed during kids’ day]. Minnen [Memories] (in Thai). Sanook. 14 Jan 2017. Retrieved 8 Jul 2017.


  394. ^ Williams 2003, p. 90.


  395. ^ "Dimensions", Gripen (PDF) (product sheet), Saab, retrieved 14 October 2010


  396. ^ "Advanced Weapons Flexibility", Gripen (PDF) (product sheet), Saab, retrieved 20 July 2011.


  397. ^ ab "Program Dossier: JAS 39 Gripen" (PDF), Aviation Week, September 2014.


  398. ^ Gripen-E Fact Sheet (PDF), Saab, March 2016.


  399. ^ "Gripen for Brazil – The world's most advanced fighter aircraft". Saab Group.




Bibliography


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}



  • "Viggens test Gripen avionics". Flight International. Surrey, UK: IPC Transport Press. 123 (3844): 64–65. 2–8 January 1983. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.


  • "Gripen flies unstable". Flight International. Flight Global. London, UK: Reed Business Information: 3. 11–17 December 1988. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013.


  • "Saab/Gripen prototype crashes". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information: 2–3. 11 February 1989. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2013.


  • "Resonance problem hits Gripen Engine". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information. 145 (4406): 15. 2–8 February 1994. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  • "BAe offers Gripen to Oman to replace Jaguar". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information. 151 (4567): 10. 26 March – 1 April 1997. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.


  • "Saab JAS 39 Gripen: um herdeiro da tradição nórdica" [Saab JAS 39 Gripen: nordic tradition inheritance]. Aviões de combate a jacto (in Portuguese). Portugal: Altaya, Planeta de Agostini. 17. Saab JAS 39 Gripen (Suécia): 197. 2011. ISBN 978-989-651-217-0.


  • Acharya, Amitav (2009). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-41428-8.


  • Björeman, Carl (2009). År av uppgång, år av nedgång: försvarets ödesväg under beredskapsåren och det kalla kriget [Years of rise, years of decline: defense during standby years and the Cold War] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Svenskt militärhistoriskt bibliotek. ISBN 978-91-85789-58-0.


  • Brändström, Annika (2003). Coping with a Credibility Crisis: The Stockholm JAS Fighter Crash of 1993 (PDF). Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish National Defence College. ISBN 91-87136-72-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.


  • Cavas, Christopher P (2015-05-03), "Saab's Gripen Enters a New High-fly Zone", Defense news.


  • Chant, Christopher; Taylor, Michael Jogn Haddrick (1999). The Role of the Fighter & Bomber. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea. ISBN 0-7910-5419-5.


  • Coelho, Janet Tappin (4 February 2014), "Saab confirms twin seat Gripen F development for Brazil", IHS Defence Weekly, Rio de Janeiro: Jane's, retrieved 12 February 2014.


  • Cross, Michael (13 February 1986). "Swedes unveil New Combat craft". New Scientist. 109 (1495): 27. ISSN 0262-4079.


  • Eden, Paul, ed. (2004). "Saab JAS 39 Gripen". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. New York: Amber Books. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.


  • Eliasson, Gunnar (2010). Advanced Public Procurement as Industrial Policy: The Aircraft Industry as a Technical University (paperback). Economics of science, technology & innovation. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-2571-8. pp. 311.


  • Elliott, Simon (16–22 June 1993). "Swedish air force in air defense revamp". Flight International: 30. Retrieved 19 January 2014.


  • Forsberg, Randall (1994). The Arms Production Dilemma: Contraction and Restraint in the World Combat Aircraft Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-56085-2.


  • Frawley, Gerard (2002). The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002–2003. Fishwyck, ACT, AU: Aerospace. ISBN 1-875671-55-2.


  • Frédriksen, John C (2001). International Warbirds: an Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000. Santa Barbara, CA, US: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-364-5.


  • Frisberg, Bo (1998). Ada in the JAS 39 Gripen flight control system. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. p. 1411.


  • Gaines, Michael 'Mike' (19–25 March 1989). "Software fault caused Gripen crash". Flight International. London, UK: Reed Business Information: 4. ISSN 0015-3710. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2013.


  • Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1987). "The Gripen: an ambitious 'Jack of all Trades'". Air International. Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing: 224–30. ISSN 0306-5634.


  • Griffiths, Dave (March 2000). "AFM Evaluates the Gripen". AirForces Monthly. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. 13 (144). ISSN 0955-7091.


  • Henk, Dan (2006). South Africa's Armaments Industry: Continuity and Change After a Decade of Majority Rule. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3481-8.


  • Insinna, Valerie (10 July 2017), "Sweden pulls out of Belgian fighter battle", Defense news, Washington, DC: Sight line.


  • Jasper, Chris; Rolander, Niclas (2014-10-23), Saab closes in on Gripen deal in Brazil opening up Latin America, Bloomberg, archived from the original on 2014-10-23, retrieved 2014-10-23.


  • Jenkins, Dennis R (2000). F/A-18 Hornet: A Navy Success Story. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-134696-1.


  • Jennings, Gareth (18 December 2013), "Brazilian F‐X2 gives fresh impetus to Saab's Sea Gripen concept", Jane's Defence Weekly, London: Jane's, archived from the original on 30 January 2014.


  • ——— (9 March 2014), "Saab to offer Gripen C/D upgrades, pushes exports", Defence Weekly, Linköping, SE: IHS Jane's 360.


  • ——— (28 April 2015a), "Saab pitches Gripen as Typhoon replacement for Austria", Defence Weekly, Linköping, SE: IHS Jane 360.


  • ——— (15 June 2015), "Paris Air Show 2015: Saab sees continued future for Gripen C/D combat aircraft", Jane's Defence Weekly, Paris: IHS Jane's 360°.


  • Keijsper, Gerard (2003). Saab Gripen: Sweden's 21st Century Multi-role Aircraft. Aerofax. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-137-7.


  • Lake, Jon (2008). "Gripen C/D". Air International (supplement). Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.


  • Larrabee, F Stephen (2003). NATO's Eastern Agenda in a New Strategic Era. Santa Monica, California: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-3467-7.


  • Larsson, Jörgen; Ekrot, Richard (19–24 September 2010). The Cobra Helmet Mounted Display System for Gripen (PDF). 27th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences. Nice, France: ICAS. Paper ICAS2010-P6.12. Retrieved 12 February 2014.


  • Lindqvist, Gunnar; Widfeldt, Bo (2003). Rikets flygplanköp — JAS 39 Gripen [The Kingdom's aircraft purchases: JAS 39 Gripen] (in Swedish). Nässjö, Sweden: Air Historic Research. ISBN 91-973892-5-0.


  • Linner, Anders; Wigert, Lars; Ahlgren, Jan (2002), Gripen, The First Fourth Generation Fighter (hardcover fact book), Jonsson, Jan foreword (transl. from 5th Swedish ed.), Swedish Air Force, FMV and Saab Aerospace, ISBN 978-91-972803-8-9.


  • Lorell, Mark A (2002). Going Global? US Government Policy and the Defense Aerospace Industry. Santa Monica, California: RAND. ISBN 0-8330-3193-7.


  • Mader, Georg (Sep 2015), "'Growler' edition is next plan for Gripen, says senior Saab Exec" (PDF), Defence IQ, International Fighter, retrieved 14 Oct 2015.


  • Matláry, Janne Håland; Ø̈sterud, Ø̈yvind (2007). Denationalisation of Defence: Convergence and Diversity. London: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-7119-4.


  • Nilsson, Axel (13 January 2012), "JAS 39 Gripen − Milestones", Projects, Swedish Defence Materiel Administration, archived from the original on 22 February 2014, retrieved 12 February 2014, Gripen is the Swedish word for Griffin – a mythological animal, half eagle and half lion.


  • "Signal". 49. Fairfax, VA: Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association. 1994. ISSN 0037-4938.


  • Spick, Michael 'Mike' (2000). "Saab JAS 39 Gripen". The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.


  • Spreen, Wesley E (2007). Marketing in the International Aerospace Industry. London: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-4975-X.


  • Stohl, Rachel; Grillot, Suzette (2009). The International Arms Trade. Cambridge, UK: Polity. ISBN 0-7456-4154-7.


  • Sweetman, Bill (March 1993). "Bargain fighter". Popular Science. Winter Park, Florida: Bonnier. 242 (3): 3. ISSN 0161-7370.


  • Williams, Mel, ed. (2003). Superfighters: The Next Generation of Combat Aircraft. London: AIRtime. ISBN 1-880588-53-6.


  • Winchester, Jim, ed. (2004). "Saab JAS 39 Gripen". Modern Military Aircraft. Aviation Factfile. Rochester, Kent, UK: Grange. ISBN 1-84013-640-5.




External links








  • "Gripen fighter system". Air (official site). Saab.


  • "Gripen". Army.cz. Czech Armed Forces.











這個網誌中的熱門文章

Xamarin.form Move up view when keyboard appear

Post-Redirect-Get with Spring WebFlux and Thymeleaf

Anylogic : not able to use stopDelay()