Wsrtjtyk

I read many articles about SafeHandle and IDiposable but I still don't understand whether I should use SafeHandle and CloseHandle or not in C#.

MSDN SafeHandle example

IntPtr, SafeHandle and HandleRef - Explained

https://blog.benoitblanchon.fr/safehandle/.

The first source is similar to my question but however it doesn't answer my question.

Let's say I have the following 3 different examples that I got from Internet:

// Example 1

byte temp = new byte[IntPtr.Size];

fixed (byte* p = temp)

{

    IntPtr SectionHandle = new IntPtr(p);

    LARGE_INTEGER MaximumSize = new LARGE_INTEGER();

    MaximumSize.LowPart = pNTHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfImage;

    status = NtCreateSection(

        SectionHandle,

        SectionAccess.SECTION_MAP_EXECUTE | SectionAccess.SECTION_MAP_READ | SectionAccess.SECTION_MAP_WRITE,

        IntPtr.Zero,

        ref MaximumSize,

        MemoryProtectionConstants.PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE,

        AllocationTypes.SEC_COMMIT,

        IntPtr.Zero);

}



// Example 2

IntPtr hFile = CreateFile(

    path, 

    GenericRights.GENERIC_READ, 

    FileFlags.FILE_SHARE_DELETE | FileFlags.FILE_SHARE_READ | FileFlags.FILE_SHARE_WRITE, 

    IntPtr.Zero, 

    FileCreationFlags.OPEN_EXISTING, 

    FileFlags.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, 

    IntPtr.Zero);



if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)

    return false;



// Example 3

IntPtr hMap = CreateFileMapping(

    hFile, 

    IntPtr.Zero, 

    MemoryProtectionConstants.PAGE_READONLY, 

    0, 

    0, 

    IntPtr.Zero);



if (hMap == IntPtr.Zero)

    return false;

The examples are Windows APIs, so they are unmanaged. What I don't get is:

1) Should the all 3 examples use SafeHandle over IntPtr because they are unmanaged and if one of them shouldn't, why?

2) I find CloseHandle for a good practice in C/C++ but in C# I don't know if the Garbage Collector closes the handle automatically in the end? Should CloseHandle be used in the above examples and why?

3) The first example uses an unmanaged byte* to allocate memory on the heap. Can this procedure be done by not using unmanaged pointer? The code below is my guess, what do you think about it?

IntPtr SectionHandle = Marshal.AllocateHGlobal(sizeof(int));

... code ...

Marshal.FreeHGlobal(SectionHandle);

Edit:
Posting the code I edited:

[SecurityCritical]

public sealed class SafeHandleBuffer : SafeBuffer

{

    public SafeHandleBuffer()

        : base(true)

    {

        handle = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(IntPtr.Size);

    }



    public int GetValue() =>

        Marshal.ReadInt32(handle);



    [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]

    protected override bool ReleaseHandle()

    {

        Marshal.FreeHGlobal(handle);

        return true;

    }

}



public sealed class SafeHandleToken : SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid

{

    private SafeHandleToken()

        : base(true)

    {

    }



    [ReliabilityContract(Consistency.WillNotCorruptState, Cer.MayFail)]

    protected override bool ReleaseHandle() => 

        CloseHandle(handle);

}



// Including the IDisposable implementation in the class where the next example calls are found

private SafeHandleToken _fileHandle, _mappingHandle;

private SafeHandleBuffer _sectionHandle;



public void Dispose()

{

    Dispose(true);

    GC.SuppressFinalize(this);

}



[SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, UnmanagedCode = true)]

protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)

{

    if (_fileHandle != null && !_fileHandle.IsInvalid)

    {

        _fileHandle.Dispose();

    }



    if (_mappingHandle != null && !_mappingHandle.IsInvalid)

    {

        _mappingHandle.Dispose();

    }



    if (_sectionHandle != null && !_sectionHandle.IsInvalid)

    {

        _sectionHandle.Dispose();

    }

}



// Example 1

SafeHandleBuffer tempHandle = new SafeHandleBuffer();

LARGE_INTEGER MaximumSize = new LARGE_INTEGER();

MaximumSize.LowPart = pNTHeader->OptionalHeader.SizeOfImage;

status = NtCreateSection(

    tempHandle,

    SectionAccess.SECTION_MAP_EXECUTE | SectionAccess.SECTION_MAP_READ | SectionAccess.SECTION_MAP_WRITE,

    IntPtr.Zero,

    ref MaximumSize,

    MemoryProtectionConstants.PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE,

    AllocationTypes.SEC_COMMIT,

    IntPtr.Zero);



// Example 2

SafeHandleToken tempHandle = CreateFile(

    path,

    GenericRights.GENERIC_READ,

    FileShare.ReadWrite | FileShare.Delete,

    IntPtr.Zero,

    FileMode.Open,

    FileAttributes.Normal,

    IntPtr.Zero);



Thread.Sleep(500);

_fileHandle = tempHandle;



if (_fileHandle.IsInvalid)

    throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());



// Example 3

tempHandle = CreateFileMapping(

    _fileHandle,

    IntPtr.Zero,

    (uint)MemoryProtectionConstants.PAGE_READONLY | (uint)AllocationTypes.SEC_IMAGE,

    0,

    0,

    IntPtr.Zero);



Thread.Sleep(500);

_mappingHandle = tempHandle;



if (_mappingHandle.IsInvalid)

    throw new Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error());

Do you think I did everything alright? Should SafeHandle be used on every Windows API like GetModuleHandle, GetProcAddress, MapViewOfFile and some more I don't remember right now. Some of them are returning LPVOID.