University of Canterbury
Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha | |
 | |
Former names | Canterbury College |
|---|---|
| Type | Public |
| Established | 1873 (1873) |
| Chancellor | John Wood |
| Vice-Chancellor | Rod Carr |
Academic staff | 715[1] |
Administrative staff | 1,158[1] |
| Students | 15,564[1] |
| Undergraduates | 9,590[1] |
| Postgraduates | 2,777[1] |
| Location | Christchurch , Canterbury , New Zealand 43°31′24″S 172°34′55″E / 43.523333°S 172.581944°E / -43.523333; 172.581944Coordinates: 43°31′24″S 172°34′55″E / 43.523333°S 172.581944°E / -43.523333; 172.581944 |
| Campus | Urban |
| Website | www.canterbury.ac.nz |
 | |
The University of Canterbury (Māori: Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha; postnominal abbreviation Cantuar. or Cant. for Cantuariensis, the Latin name for Canterbury) is New Zealand's second oldest university.
It was founded in 1873 as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand. Its original campus was in the Christchurch Central City, but in 1961 it became an independent university and began moving out of its original neo-gothic buildings, which were re-purposed as the Christchurch Arts Centre. The move was completed on 1 May 1975[2] and the university now operates its main campus in the Christchurch suburb of Ilam and offers degrees in Arts, Commerce, Education (physical education), Engineering, Fine Arts, Forestry, Health Sciences, Law, Music, Social Work, Speech and Language Pathology, Science, Sports Coaching and Teaching.
Contents
1 History
2 Governance
3 Campus
3.1 Libraries
4 Rankings
5 League tables
6 Student association and traditions
7 Coat of arms
8 Personnel
8.1 Size and composition
8.2 Staff reductions and academic freedom issues
8.3 Concerns over student racism
9 Notable staff
10 Notable alumni
10.1 Honorary doctors
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
History
Former University of Canterbury campus in the city centre, today the Christchurch Arts Centre
The university originated in 1873 in the centre of Christchurch as Canterbury College, the first constituent college of the University of New Zealand. It became the second institution in New Zealand providing tertiary-level education (following the University of Otago, established in 1869), and the fourth in Australasia.[citation needed] Its foundation professors arrived in 1874, namely, Charles Cook (Mathematics, University of Melbourne, St John's College, Cambridge), Alexander Bickerton (Chemistry and Physics, School of Mining, London), and John Macmillan Brown (University of Glasgow, Balliol College, Oxford).[3] In 1933, the name changed from Canterbury College to Canterbury University College. In 1957 the name changed again to the present University of Canterbury.[4]
Until 1961, the university formed part of the University of New Zealand (UNZ), and issued degrees in its name. That year saw the dissolution of the federal system of tertiary education in New Zealand, and the University of Canterbury became an independent University awarding its own degrees. Upon the UNZ's demise, Canterbury Agricultural College became a constituent college of the University of Canterbury, as Lincoln College.[5] Lincoln College became independent in 1990 as a full university in its own right.[6]
Over the period from 1961 to 1974, the university campus relocated from the centre of the city to its much larger current site in the suburb of Ilam. The neo-gothic buildings of the old campus became the site of the Christchurch Arts Centre, a hub for arts, crafts and entertainment in Christchurch.[citation needed]
In 2004, the University underwent restructuring into four Colleges and a School of Law, administering a number of schools and departments (though a number of departments have involvement in cross-teaching in numerous academic faculties). For many years the university worked closely with the Christchurch College of Education, leading to a full merger in 2007, establishing a fifth College.[7]
In 2012 the School of Law merged with the Business School to form the College of Business and Law.[8]
In September 2011, plans were announced to demolish some University buildings that were damaged from an earthquake.[9] In the months following the earthquake, the University lost 25 per cent of its first-year students and 8 per cent of continuing students. The number of international students, who pay much higher fees and are a major source of revenue, dropped by 30 per cent.[10][11] By 2013, the University had lost 22 per cent of its students.[12] However, a record number of 886 PhD students are enrolled at the University of Canterbury as of 2013.[13] Other New Zealand universities, apparently defying an informal agreement, launched billboard and print advertising campaigns in the earthquake-ravaged city to recruit University of Canterbury students who are finding it difficult to study there.[14] In October 2011, staff were encouraged to take voluntary redundancies.[15]
Student numbers are now steadily on the rise, with a 4.5% increase in students enrolled from 2013 to 2016. International numbers are also increasing, nearing pre-earthquake figures at 1,134 enrolled in 2016.[16]
In March 2016, Vice-Chancellor Dr Rod Carr said in The Press newspaper: "In 2014, they wanted to leave Christchurch and went to Wellington, Otago and into the workforce. Now we're retaining Christchurch school leavers and we're getting our fair share of provincial students, as well as attracting greater numbers from the Auckland region. Living on or near the UC campus, and having a lifestyle that can take you from lectures to skifields in 90 minutes or the beach in 20 minutes, is much more appealing and affordable than living in Auckland."[17]
In 2013 the New Zealand Government agreed to provide $260m to support the University's rebuild programme.[18] In January 2017, the University of Canterbury released its campus master plan – 50 building and landscape projects proposed over three stages by 2045, the cost could exceed $2bn.[19] In a comment to The Press, Rod Carr said that the plans were proof the university was moving away from the falling enrolments post-earthquake.[19] At 31 December 2016, University has 15,564 students enrolled.[20]
Governance
Joshua Williams
Terry McCombs in 1935.
The university was first governed by a board of governors (1873–1933), then by a college council (1933–1957), and since 1957 by a university council.[21] The council is chaired by a chancellor.[22] The Council includes representatives from the faculties, students and general staff, as well as local industry, employer and trade union representatives.[23]
The original composition of the board of governors was defined in the Canterbury College Ordinance 1873,[24] which was passed by the Canterbury Provincial Council and named 23 members who might serve for life. Initially, the board was given power to fill their own vacancies, and this power transferred to graduates once their number exceeded 30.[25] At the time, there were discussions about the abolition of provincial government (which did happen in 1876), and the governance structure was set up to give board members "prestige, power and permanence", and "provincial authority and its membership and resources were safely perpetuated, beyond the reach of grasping hands in Wellington."[26]
Original members of the Board of Governors were:[27]Charles Bowen, Rev James Buller,[28][29][30] William Patten Cowlishaw,[31] John Davies Enys,[32]Charles Fraser, George Gould Sr,[33]Henry Barnes Gresson,[34]William Habens, John Hall, Henry Harper, John Inglis,[35]Walter Kennaway,[36] Arthur C. Knight,[37] Thomas William Maude,[38]William Montgomery, Thomas Potts, William Rolleston, John Studholme, Henry Tancred, James Somerville Turnbull,[39]Henry Richard Webb, Joshua Williams, and Rev William Wellington Willock.[40]
Professor Roy Sharp assumed the position of Vice-Chancellor on 1 March 2003.[41] In May 2008 he announced his imminent resignation from the position, following his acceptance of the chief executive position at the Tertiary Education Commission (TEC)[42][43] which he took up on 4 August 2008.[44] The then current Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Professor Ian Town, assumed the role of acting Vice-Chancellor on 1 July 2008. On 15 October 2008 the university announced that Rod Carr, a former banker and the CEO of a local software company, would begin a five-year appointment as Vice-Chancellor on 1 February 2009.[45]
Council member and former Pro-Chancellor, Rex Williams, became Chancellor in 2009.[46] Council member John Wood became the new Pro-Chancellor. On 1 January 2012, Wood became Chancellor after Williams retired from the role.[46]
| Chairmen of the Board of Governors[27] | Chairmen of the College Council[27] | Chancellors |
|---|---|---|
Joshua Williams (1873–1875) | Christopher Thomas Aschman (1933–1938) | Donald William Bain[21] (1957–1959) |
Campus
The Puaka-James Hight building at the University of Canterbury
The University has a main campus of 76 hectares (190 acres) at Ilam, a suburb of Christchurch about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the centre of the city. Adjacent to the main campus stands the University's College of Education, with its own sports-fields and grounds. The University maintains three libraries, with the Central Library (Māori: Te Puna Mātauraka o Waitaha) housed in the tallest building on campus, the 11-storey Puaka-James Hight building.
The University's College of Education, Health and Human Development maintains additional small campuses in Nelson, Tauranga and Timaru, and "teaching centres" in Greymouth, New Plymouth, Rotorua and Timaru. The University has staff in regional information offices in Nelson, Timaru, and Auckland.
The University of Canterbury has ten halls of residence housing around 2,279 students.[58] The largest of these are Ilam Apartments and University Hall with 845 residents and 539 residents, respectively. Six of these halls (Ilam Apartments, University Hall, Kirkwood Avenue Hall, Waimairi Village, Sonoda Village and Hayashi Village) are managed by UC Accommodation,[59] a subsidiary of Campus Living Villages, while the university maintains ownership of the property and buildings. Sonoda Christchurch Campus has a close relationship with Sonoda Women's University in Amagasaki, Japan. Bishop Julius, College House and Rochester and Rutherford are run independently.
The ten halls of residence are:
- Bishop Julius Hall – 158 beds[60]
- Ilam Apartments – 845 beds[60]
- College House – 159 beds[60]
- Rochester and Rutherford Hall – 178 beds[60]
- Sonoda Christchurch Campus – 114 beds[60]
- University Hall – 539 beds[60]
- Hayashi (formerly Dovedale) – 90 beds[61]
- Kirkwood Avenue Hall – 68 beds[62]
- Waimairi Village – 60 beds[63]
New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern opened the Ernest Rutherford Regional Science and Innovation Centre in 2018.
The University of Canterbury has the most field stations of any New Zealand University.[64] The Field Facilities Centre[65] administers four of these field-stations:
- Cass Field Station[66] – Provides a wide range of environments: montane grasslands, scrub, riverbed, scree, beech forest, swamp, bog, lake, stream and alpine habitats; all accessible by day-trips on foot
- Harihari Field Station[67] – Access to native forests, streams
- Westport Field Station[68] – for study of the West Coast of New Zealand, particularly mining
- Kaikoura Field Station[69] – Kaikoura represents an important transition zone for flora and fauna, particularly in the marine environment, with Kowhai bush and associated rich bird life close by.
The University and its project-partners also operate an additional field-station in the Nigerian Montane Forests Project[70] – this field station stands on the Ngel Nyaki forest edge in Nigeria.
The Department of Physics and Astronomy runs its own field laboratories:
Mount John University Observatory at Lake Tekapo for optical astronomical research[71]
Birdling's Flat radar facility[72]
Scott Base radar facility[73]
Cracroft Caverns ring laser facility[74]
The Department of Physics and Astronomy also has involvement in the Southern African Large Telescope[75] and is a member of the IceCube collaboration which is installing a neutrino telescope at the South Pole.[76][77]
Libraries
There are three[78] libraries on campus each covering different subject areas.
- Central Library (Māori: Te Puna Mātauraka o Waitaha)[78] – is housed in the Puaka-James Hight Building. Originally named after former Canterbury professor James Hight.[79] The building was renamed Puaka-James Hight in 2014, after the brightest star in the constellation Orion, to reflect the growing strength of UC’s relationship with Ngāi Tahu and the mana of Te Ao Māori at the heart of the University’s campus.[80] The Central Library has collections that support research and teaching in Humanities, Social Sciences, Law, Commerce, Music, Fine Arts and Antarctic Studies.[78]
- EPS Library (Engineering and Physical Sciences Library, Māori: Kā Puna Pūkahataka me te Pūtaiao)[78] – Supports research and teaching in Engineering, Forestry and Sciences.[78]
Macmillan Brown Library (Māori: Te Puna Rakahau o Macmillan Brown)[78] – is a research library, archive, and art gallery that specializes in collecting items related to New Zealand and Pacific Islands history.[81][82] It holds over 100,000 published items including books, audio-visual recordings, and various manuscripts, photographs, works of art, architectural drawings and ephemera. The Macmillan Brown Library's art collection also has over 5,000 works, making it one of the largest collections in the Canterbury Region.[83] The library is named after John Macmillan Brown, a prominent Canterbury academic who helped found the library.[81][82]
Rankings
University rankings | |
|---|---|
| Global | |
ARWU World[84] | 401–500 |
THE World[86] | 351–400 |
QS World[85] | 231 |
There are three major world university rankings. In the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) 2017, UC was ranked in the world's top 500 universities.[84] In 2017/18 QS World University Rankings ranked the University of Canterbury 214th overall in the world, and the third highest ranked university in New Zealand.[87][88] Its individual global faculty rankings for 2015/2016 were: 146th in Arts & Humanities, 161st in Engineering & IT, 211th in Natural Sciences, and 94th in Social Sciences and Management.[89] By 2018, these faculty rankings had all fallen considerably,[90] and as of the release of the QS 2019 World University Rankings, both ARWU and QS had placed UC squarely in the middle of the pack of NZ's eight universities at 4th place overall.[91][92] In the 2016–2017 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, UC was ranked in the world's top 400 universities,[93] up from being in the world's top 500 universities in 2015.[94][95] By contrast, ARWU dropped UC from the top 400 universities in 2016 to only the top 500 in 2017.[84]
The University was the first in New Zealand to have been granted five stars by QS Stars.[96][97] Unlike the QS World University rankings, QS Stars ratings are only given to universities that pay a fee; the programme is designed to give "those institutions that are not highly ranked or do not appear in the rankings an opportunity to reach out to their prospect students, to stand out and to be recognised for their excellence."[98][99]
League tables
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Academic Ranking of World Universities | 401–500th[91] | 301–400th[100] | DNQ: Ranked Below World's Top 500 Universities[101] | 401–500th[102] | 401–500th[103] | 401–500th[104] | 401–500th[105] | 401–500th[106] | |||||||
QS World University Rankings | 231st[107] | 214th[108] | 214th=[109] | 211th[110] | 242nd[111] | 238th[112] | 221st[113] | 212nd[114] | 189th[115] | 188th[116] | 186th[116] | 188th[117] | 333rd[118] | 333rd[119] | |
Times Higher Education World University Rankings | 351–400th[120] | 351–400th[121] | 401–500th[95] | 301–350th[94] | 301–350th[122] | 301–350th[123] | 301–350th[124] |
Student association and traditions
An Undie 500 car decorated as Noah's Ark
The University of Canterbury Students' Association (UCSA)[125] operates on campus with its own radio station (RDU) and magazine (Canta). The Association also runs two bars and several cafes around campus.[126] The popular on-campus bar, "The Foundry", known as "The Common Room" from 2005, has reverted to its former name as promised by 2008 USCA president, Michael Goldstein. Prior to earthquakes in 2010 and 2011, the UCSA also ran the 430-seat Ngaio Marsh Theatre in the now demolished UCSA building.[127][128]
The University has over 140 academic, sporting, recreational and cultural societies and clubs.[129] The most prominent of these include the Student Volunteer Army, the University of Canterbury Engineering Society (ENSOC), the Law Society (LAWSOC), the Commerce Society (UCom), as well as the largest non-faculty clubs such as PongSoc (University of Canterbury Pong Society), Motosoc (Motorsports Society), BYCSOC (Backyard Cricket Society), CUBA (Canterbury University Boardriders' Association), CurrySoc, Opsoc, The Gentlemen's Club, and UC Bike. CUSSC (Canterbury University Snow Sports Club) is the only university club in New Zealand to own a ski field lodge, located at Temple Basin Ski Field. The club runs many events to raise funds for maintenance of their lodge.[130] The University of Canterbury Drama Society (Dramasoc) achieved fame for its 1942–1969 Shakespeare productions under Dame Ngaio Marsh, but regularly performs as an active student- and alumni-run arts fixture in the small Christchurch theatre-scene. The musical theatre society, Musoc,[131] engages in comparable activities.
One major student tradition, the Undie 500, involved an annual car-rally from Christchurch to Dunedin run by ENSOC. The rules required only the use of a road-legal car costing under $500 with a sober driver. The 2007 event gained international news coverage (including on CNN and BBC World) when it ended in rioting in the student quarter of Dunedin and in North East Valley. ENSOC cancelled the planned 2008 event. The Undie 500 was replaced by the Roundie 500 in 2011. This event has the same principles but follows a route through rural Canterbury, returning to Christchurch the same day.[132]
Coat of arms
Academic procession at the University of Canterbury graduation ceremony 2004
With the dissolution of the University of New Zealand, the newly independent University of Canterbury devised its own coat of arms, blazoned: "Murrey a fleece argent, in base a plough or, and on a chief wavy or an open book proper bound murrey, edged and clasped or between a pall azure charged with four crosses formy fitchy or and a cross flory azure."
A explanation of the arms appears on the University website, where it's explained that the fleece symbolises the pastoral, and the plough at the base the agricultural background of the province of Canterbury. The bishop's pall and the cross flory represent Canterbury's ecclesiastical connections, and the open book denotes scholarship.[133]
As an institution of learning, the University's coat of arms does not have a helmet, crest or mantling.
Personnel
Size and composition
According to the UC Annual Report, at 31 December 2016 the University has a total of 15,564 students. 9,590 of these are undergraduates, and 1,134 are international students. UC has a total of 715 academic faculty staff.[20]
Following the earthquakes, the number of students enrolled at UC fell from 18,783 during 2010 to 14,725 during 2014, though the number of new enrolments increased in 2014. In 2016 enrolled student numbers rose to 15,564.[16]
Staff reductions and academic freedom issues
One resignation, which occurred in 2003, was by a staff member who complained about restrictions on academic freedom.[134][135] In 2006, New Zealand's Green Party suggested staff eliminations we based on the University's profit targets rather than merit.[136] The University eliminated over 100 jobs in 2010, the year prior to the earthquakes.[137]
In 2007, New Zealand universities including the University of Canterbury were accused of taking an increasingly litigious approach to managing its staff and, despite having an array of human-resources managers, routinely engaged lawyers and employment advocates to handle even minor matters.[138] The University's 2006 financial reports list $836,000 as having been paid out as compensation for employment-relationship problems.[138] However, in its 2013 annual report (two years after the 2011 Canterbury Earthquakes), it is stated that the university spent $4.66 million in 2012 and 2013 alone on expenses associated with faculty and staff layoffs (severance pay, legal costs, etc.).[139]
Concerns over student racism
In 2014, one faculty member chosen to receive a teaching award from the University of Canterbury Students’ Association refused to accept the award because of his concerns about student racism and sexism at UC.[140][141]
From 16–21 March 2015 the University of Canterbury held its first ever Diversity Week, with over 2,000 staff and students attending 22 events focused on the theme of ‘everyone belongs’. Events covered a wide range of diversity themes including gender, sexuality, disability, religion, biculturalism, world culture and research. UCSA clubs contributed to a number of high-impact events including a world market with international food and cultural performances, a poetry slam and an open-mic forum.[142]
Concerning the impact of President Trump's travel ban in January 2017 on students, Vice-Chancellor Rod Carr was reported to have told staff and students "We support institutions, policies and practices that protect and promote individuals on the basis of who they are and what they do, not on the basis of the colour of their skin, their sexuality, religious beliefs or who their parents were."[143]
Notable staff
Alexander Bickerton – chemist
Alice Candy – historian
Denis Dutton – philosopher
Jan Evans-Freeman – electrical engineer
Juliet Gerrard – biochemist
Elizabeth Herriott – botanist and first woman appointed lecturer
Krzysztof Pawlikowski – computer scientist
Karl Popper – philosopher
Arthur Prior – philosopher
Clive Granger – Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Erskine Fellow
Robert Grubbs – Nobel Memorial Prize in Chemistry, Erskine Fellow
Notable alumni
Eleanor Catton
Nathan Cohen
John Key
Sir Apirana Ngata
Rita Angus – painter
Rosemary Banks – Ambassador to the United Nations
David Beauchamp – civil engineer, working mainly in Australia
Don Brash – politician and Governor of the Reserve Bank
Eleanor Catton – writer – Man Booker Prize winner 2013
Neil Cherry – environmental scientist
Mark Chignell – academic
Nathan Cohen – world champion and Olympic champion rower
Michael P. Collins – academic
Helen Connon – educational pioneer
Michael Cullen – politician
Rhys Darby – comedian
G. F. J. Dart – Headmaster of Ballarat Grammar School 1942–1970
Peter Dunne – politician
Brian Easton – economist
Stevan Eldred-Grigg – historian and novelist
Ian Foster – computer scientist
Rob Fyfe – businessperson
Edith Searle Grossmann – writer and journalist
Henry Hargreaves – photographer
Joel Hayward – academic
Rhona Haszard – artist
Ken Henry – Secretary to the Treasury (Australia)
Rodney Hide – politician
Jock Hobbs – All Black Captain
Marian Hobbs – politician
Bruce Jesson – writer
Jess Johnson – artist
Catherine Judd – politician
Roy Kerr – mathematician
Roger Kerr – executive director of the New Zealand Business Roundtable
John Key – politician, former Prime Minister of New Zealand
Howard Kippenberger, military leader
Jordan Luck – musician
Euan MacLeod – painter
Margaret Mahy – children's author
Ngaio Marsh – author and thespian
Julie Maxton – academic administrator
John McMillan – economist
Colleen E Mills – communications professor
Trevor Moffitt – painter
Sam Neill – actor
Craig Nevill-Manning – engineer
Sir Apirana Ngata – Māori politician
William Alfred Orange – Anglican churchman and founder of Latimer House.
Graham Panckhurst – High Court Judge
William Pickering – engineering administrator
J. G. A. Pocock- historian
Kieran Read – All Blacks Captain
Michelle Rogan-Finnemore — geologist, legal expert, Antarctic program manager
Bill Rowling – politician, former Prime Minister of New Zealand
Ernest Rutherford – physicist – Nobel Prize
Feleti Vakaʻuta Sevele – politician Prime Minister of Tonga
Nick Smith – politician
Kevin Smith – actor
John Storey – World champion rower
Margaret Thomson — film director
Beatrice Tinsley – astronomer
Anote Tong – politician, President of Kiribati
Vincent Ward – film director, screenwriter
Ada Wells – feminist
Dora Wilcox – poet
Cal Wilson – comedian, television personality
Glenn Wilson – psychologist
William Young – Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand
Honorary doctors
Since 1962, the University of Canterbury has been awarding honorary doctorates. In many years, no awards were made, but in most years, multiple doctorates were awarded. The highest number of honorary doctorates was awarded in 1973, when there were seven recipients.[144]
See also
- Free Theatre Christchurch
Notes
^ abcde University of Canterbury – UC Facts Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on 5 June 2014.
^ "The Star 04-05-17". issuu. Retrieved 12 May 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
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References
Gardner, W. Jim; Beardsley, E. T.; Carter, T. E. (1973). Phillips, Neville Crompton, ed. A History of the University of Canterbury, 1873–1973. Christchurch: University of Canterbury.
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940a). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : A–L (PDF). I. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
Scholefield, Guy, ed. (1940b). A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : M–Addenda (PDF). II. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
External links
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- Official website
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