Vinpocetine
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| Routes of administration | Oral, intravenous |
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| Bioavailability | 56.6 +/- 8.9% |
| Metabolism | hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | 2.54 +/- 0.48 hours |
| Excretion | renal |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.050.917  |
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| Formula | C22H26N2O2 |
| Molar mass | 350.454 g/mol |
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Vinpocetine (brand names: Cavinton, Intelectol; chemical name: ethyl apovincaminate) is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine (sometimes described as "a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine"),[1] an extract from the lesser periwinkle plant. Vinpocetine was first isolated from the plant in 1975 by the Hungarian chemist Csaba Szántay. The mass production of the synthetic compound was started in 1978 by the Hungarian pharmaceutical company Richter Gedeon.
Vinpocetine has been clinically used in many countries for treatment of cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke and dementia for more than 30 years. Due to its excellent safety profile, increasing efforts have been put into exploring the novel therapeutic effects and mechanism of actions of vinpocetine in various cell types and disease models. Recent studies have revealed a number of novel functions of vinpocetine, including anti-inflammation, antagonizing injury-induced vascular remodeling and high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis, as well as attenuating pathological cardiac remodeling. These novel findings may facilitate the repositioning of vinpocetine for preventing or treating relevant disorders in humans.[2]
Vinpocetine is not FDA approved in the United States for therapeutic use. The U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) has ruled that vinpocetine, due to its synthetic nature and proposed therapeutic uses, was ineligible to be marketed as dietary supplement under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA).[3][4][5][6]
Contents
1 Controlled clinical trials
2 In vitro, animal, and human studies
3 Mechanism of action
4 Side effects
5 References
Controlled clinical trials
As of 2003 only three controlled clinical trials had tested "older adults with memory problems".[7] However, a 2003 Cochrane review determined that the results were inconclusive.[8]
In vitro, animal, and human studies
Kindling models in rats has shown vinpocetine to exhibit anticonvulsant properties. The most pronounced anticonvulsant effects were observed in Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled rats although there was also an effect on amygdala-kindled and neocortically-kindled rats.[9] Vinpocetine has also been shown to abolish [3H]Glu release after in vivo exposure to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) which suggests an important mechanism for vinpocetine anticonvulsant activity.[10]
Vinpocetine has been investigated in animal models as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.[11][12] Vinpocetine inhibits the up-regulation of NF-κB by TNFα in various cell tests. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction also shows that it reduced the TNFα-induced expression of the mRNA of proinflammatory molecules such as interleukin-1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). In mice, vinpocetine reduced lipopolysaccharide inoculation induced polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration into the lung.[11][12]
In healthy adults 2 studies have showed an improvement in memory.[13][14]
Another study looked at cerebral circulation and intellectual impairment found a correlation between aging brain and intellectual impairment suggesting its clinical efficacy in improving intellectual impairment in patients with aging brain.[15]
In Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Vinpocetine Inhibited NF-κB-Dependent Inflammation patients treated with vinpocetine had a better recovery of neurological function and improved clinical outcomes during the acute phase and at 3-month follow-up. These findings identify vinpocetine as an inflammation modulator that could improve clinical outcomes after acute ischemic stroke.[16]
Mechanism of action
Vinpocetine acts as a phosphodiesterase (PDE) type-1 inhibitor in isolated rabbit aorta,[17] Independent of vinpocetine's action on PDE, vinpocetine inhibits IKK preventing IκB degradation and the following translocation of NF-κB to the cell nucleus.[11][12]
Increases in neuronal levels of DOPAC, a metabolic breakdown product of dopamine, have been shown to occur in striatal isolated nerve endings as a result of exposure to vinpocetine which may upregulate dopamine receptors.[18] Such an effect is consistent with the biogenic pharmacology of reserpine, a structural relative of vinpocetine.[18] However, this effect tends to be reversible upon cessation of vinpocetine administration, with full remission typically occurring within 3–4 weeks.
Vinpocetine has been reported to have cerebral blood-flow enhancing[19] and neuroprotective effects.[20]
Side effects
Some studies have noted flushing, rashes, or minor gastrointestinal problems in some subjects; however, these side effects did not warrant discontinuation of the medication.[21] Some users have reported headaches, especially at doses above 15 milligrams per day, as well as occasional upset stomach. The safety of vinpocetine in pregnant women has not been evaluated. Vinpocetine has been implicated in one case to induce agranulocytosis,[22][unreliable medical source?] a serious condition in which granulocytes are markedly decreased. Some people have anecdotally noted that their continued use of vinpocetine reduces immune function. Commission E warned that vinpocetine reduced immune function could cause apoptosis (cellular death) in the long term.[23]
References
^ Lörincz C, Szász K, Kisfaludy L (1976). "The synthesis of ethyl apovincaminate". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 26 (10a): 1907. PMID 1037211..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Zhang YS, Li JD, Yan C (January 2018). "An update on vinpocetine: New discoveries and clinical implications". European Journal of Pharmacology. 819: 30–34. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.041. PMC 5766389. PMID 29183836.
^ Schmitt, Rick (January 12, 2017). "Marketers exploit the aged with unproven brain-health claims". Newsweek. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Hank, Schulz. "eligible to be marketed as dietary supplement under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA)". NutraIngredients. William Reed Business Media, England. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
^ "FDA Concludes Vinpocetine Ineligible as a Dietary Ingredient". Nutraceuticals World. Rodman Media. September 20, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
^ Schmitt, Rick (February 3, 2017). "Dubious doses". Newsweek. Retrieved September 24, 2017.
^ McDaniel MA, Maier SF, Einstein GO (2003). ""Brain-specific" nutrients: a memory cure?". Nutrition. 19 (11–12): 957–75. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(03)00024-8. PMID 14624946.
^ Szatmari SZ, Whitehouse PJ (2003). "Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD003119. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003119. PMID 12535455.
^ Schmidt J (1990). "Comparative studies on the anticonvulsant effectiveness of nootropic drugs in kindled rats". Biomedica Biochimica Acta. 49 (5): 413–9. PMID 2271012.
^ Sitges M, Sanchez-Tafolla BM, Chiu LM, Aldana BI, Guarneros A (October 2011). "Vinpocetine inhibits glutamate release induced by the convulsive agent 4-aminopyridine more potently than several antiepileptic drugs". Epilepsy Research. 96 (3): 257–66. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.06.006. PMID 21737246.
^ abc Jeon KI, Xu X, Aizawa T, Lim JH, Jono H, Kwon DS, Abe J, Berk BC, Li JD, Yan C (May 2010). "Vinpocetine inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent inflammation via an IKK-dependent but PDE-independent mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (21): 9795–800. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914414107. PMC 2906898. PMID 20448200.
^ abc Medina AE (June 2010). "Vinpocetine as a potent antiinflammatory agent". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (22): 9921–2. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005138107. PMC 2890434. PMID 20495091.
^ Coleston DM, Hindmarch I (1988). "Possible memory-enhancing properties of vinpocetine". Drug Development Research. 14 (3–4): 191–193. doi:10.1002/ddr.430140306.
^ Subhan Z, Hindmarch I (1985). "Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 28 (5): 567–71. PMID 3899677.
^ Miyazaki, Manabu (1988). "Correlation between cerebral circulation and intellectual impairment in patients with 'aging brain,' And the effect of vinpocetine on cerebral circulation". Drug Development Research. 14 (3–4): 199–204. doi:10.1002/ddr.430140308.
^ Zhang F, Yan C, Wei C, Yao Y, Ma X, Gong Z, Liu S, Zang D, Chen J, Shi FD, Hao J (April 2018). "Vinpocetine Inhibits NF-κB-Dependent Inflammation in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients". Translational Stroke Research. 9 (2): 174–184. doi:10.1007/s12975-017-0549-z. PMID 28691141.
^ Hagiwara M, Endo T, Hidaka H (February 1984). "Effects of vinpocetine on cyclic nucleotide metabolism in vascular smooth muscle". Biochemical Pharmacology. 33 (3): 453–7. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(84)90240-5. PMID 6322804.
^ ab Trejo F, Nekrassov V, Sitges M (August 2001). "Characterization of vinpocetine effects on DA and DOPAC release in striatal isolated nerve endings". Brain Research. 909 (1–2): 59–67. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02621-X. PMID 11478921.
^ Szilágyi G, Nagy Z, Balkay L, Boros I, Emri M, Lehel S, Márián T, Molnár T, Szakáll S, Trón L, Bereczki D, Csiba L, Fekete I, Kerényi L, Galuska L, Varga J, Bönöczk P, Vas A, Gulyás B (March 2005). "Effects of vinpocetine on the redistribution of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in chronic ischemic stroke patients: a PET study". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 229-230: 275–84. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.11.053. PMID 15760651.
^ Dézsi L, Kis-Varga I, Nagy J, Komlódi Z, Kárpáti E (2002). "[Neuroprotective effects of vinpocetine in vivo and in vitro. Apovincaminic acid derivatives as potential therapeutic tools in ischemic stroke]". Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica. 72 (2): 84–91. PMID 12498034.
^ "Vinpocetine. Monograph" (PDF). Alternative Medicine Review. 7 (3): 240–3. June 2002. PMID 12126465.
^ Shimizu Y, Saitoh K, Nakayama M, Suto K, Raikohara R, Nemoto T. "Agranulocytosis induced by vinpocetine". Medicine Online. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
^ Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (Germany) (1999). The Complete German Commission E monographs : therapeutic guide to herbal medicines (Reprint ed.). Austin, Tex.: American Botanical Council. ISBN 978-0-9655555-0-0.
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