Classical Hollywood cinema
| Years active | 1910s–1960s |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Major figures | D. W. Griffith, John Ford, Orson Welles, Alfred Hitchcock, Howard Hawks, Billy Wilder, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Humphrey Bogart |
| Influences |
|
Classical Hollywood cinema, classical Hollywood narrative, and classical continuity[4] are terms used in film criticism which designate both a narrative and visual style of film-making which developed in and characterized American cinema between the 1910s and the early 1960s, and eventually became the most powerful and pervasive style of film-making worldwide.[5]
Contents
1 Development of the classical style
1.1 Early narrative film (1895–1913)
1.2 Maturation of the silents (1913–late 1920s)
1.3 Classical Hollywood cinema in the sound era (late 1920s – 1960s)
2 Style
2.1 Devices
2.2 Systems
2.2.1 Narrative logic
2.2.2 Cinematic time
2.2.3 Cinematic space
2.3 Relations of systems
3 List of important figures in the era
3.1 Directors
3.2 Producers
3.3 Actors
3.4 Actresses
3.5 Others
4 List of notable films
4.1 Silent era
4.2 Sound era
5 References
6 See also
7 Further reading
8 External links
Development of the classical style
Early narrative film (1895–1913)
For centuries, the only visual standard of narrative storytelling was the theatre. Since the first narrative films in the 1890s, film-makers sought to capture the power of live theatre on the cinema screen. Most of these film-makers started as directors on the late 19th century stage, and likewise most film actors had roots in vaudeville or theatrical melodramas. Visually, early narrative films had adapted little from the stage, and their narratives had adapted very little from vaudeville and melodrama. Before the visual style which would become known as "classical continuity", scenes were filmed in full shot and used carefully choreographed staging to portray plot and character relationships. Cutting was extremely limited, and mostly consisted of close-ups of writing on objects for their legibility.[6]
Maturation of the silents (1913–late 1920s)
The Mothering Heart screenshot
Though lacking the reality inherent to the stage, film (unlike stage) offers the freedom to manipulate apparent time and space, and thus to create the illusion of realism — that is temporal linearity and spatial continuity. By the early 1910s, film-making was beginning to fulfill its artistic potential. In Sweden and Denmark, this period would be known as a "Golden Age" of film;[7] in America, this artistic change is attributed to film-makers like David W. Griffith finally breaking the grip of the Edison Trust to make films independent of the manufacturing monopoly. Films worldwide began to noticeably adopt visual and narrative elements which would be found in classical Hollywood cinema. 1913 was a particularly fruitful year for the medium, as pioneering directors from several countries produced masterpieces such as The Mothering Heart (D. W. Griffith), Ingeborg Holm (Victor Sjöström), and L'enfant de Paris (Léonce Perret) that set new standards for film as a form of storytelling.[6] It was also the year when Yevgeni Bauer (the first true film artist, according to Georges Sadoul[8]) started his short, but prolific, career.[9]
In the world, generally and America specifically, the influence of Griffith on film-making was unmatched. Equally influential were his actors in adapting their performances to the new medium. Lillian Gish, the star of The Mothering Heart, is particularly noted for her influence on screen performance techniques. Griffith's 1915 epic The Birth of a Nation was ground-breaking for film as a means of storytelling — a masterpiece of literary narrative with numerous innovative visual techniques. The film initiated so many advances in American cinema that it was rendered obsolete within a few years.[10] Though 1913 was a global landmark for film-making, 1917 was primarily an American one.
Ben Hur theatrical release poster
The era of "classical Hollywood cinema" is distinguished by a narrative and visual style which would begin to dominate the medium in America by 1917.
Classical Hollywood cinema in the sound era (late 1920s – 1960s)
The narrative and visual style of classical Hollywood style would further develop after the transition to sound-film production. The primary changes in American film-making came from the film industry itself, with the height of the studio system. This mode of production, with its reigning star system bankrolled by several key studios, had preceded sound by several years. By mid-1920, most of the prominent American directors and actors, who had worked independently since the early 10s, would have to become a part of the new studio system to continue to work.
The beginning of the sound era itself is ambiguously defined. To some, it began with The Jazz Singer, which was released in 1927 and increased box-office profits for films, as sound was introduced to feature films. [11] To others, the era began in 1929, when the silent age had definitively ended. [12] Most Hollywood pictures from the late 1920s to 1960s adhered closely to a genre—Western, slapstick comedy, musical, animated cartoon, and biopic (biographical picture)—and the same creative teams often worked on films made by the same studio. For instance, Cedric Gibbons and Herbert Stothart always worked on MGM films; Alfred Newman worked at Twentieth Century Fox for twenty years; Cecil B. DeMille's films were almost all made at Paramount Pictures; and director Henry King's films were mostly made for Twentieth Century Fox. Similarly, actors were mostly contract players. Film historians and critics note that it took about a decade for films to adapt to sound and return to the level of artistic quality of the silents, which it did in the late 1930s.
Many great works of cinema that emerged from this period were of highly regimented film-making. One reason this was possible is that, with so many films being made, not every one had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors: Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles and regarded by some as the greatest film of all time, fits that description. In other cases, strong-willed directors like Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, and Frank Capra battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions. The apogee of the studio system may have been the year 1939, which saw the release of such classics as The Wizard of Oz, Gone with the Wind, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Stagecoach, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Destry Rides Again, Young Mr. Lincoln, Wuthering Heights, Only Angels Have Wings, Ninotchka, Beau Geste, Babes in Arms, Gunga Din, Goodbye, Mr. Chips, and The Roaring Twenties.
Style
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John Belton, film scholar, Rutgers University[13][dead link]
The visual-narrative style of classical Hollywood cinema as elaborated by David Bordwell,[14] was heavily influenced by the ideas of the Renaissance and its resurgence of mankind as the focal point. It is distinguished at three general levels: devices, systems, and the relations of systems.
Devices
The devices most inherent to classical Hollywood cinema are those of continuity editing. This includes the 180-degree rule, one of the major visual-spatial elements of continuity editing. The 180-degree rule keeps with the "photographed play" style by creating an imaginary 180-degree axis between the viewer and the shot, allowing viewers to clearly orient themselves within the position and direction of action in a scene. According to the 30-degree rule, cuts in the angle that the scene is viewed from must be significant enough for the viewer to understand the purpose of a change in perspective. Cuts that do not adhere to the 30-degree rule, known as jump cuts, are disruptive to the illusion of temporal continuity between shots. The 180-degree and 30-degree rules are elementary guidelines in film-making that preceded the official start of the classical era by over a decade, as seen in the pioneering 1902 French film A Trip to the Moon. Cutting techniques in classical continuity editing serve to help establish or maintain continuity, as in the cross cut, which establishes the concurrence of action in different locations. Jump cuts are allowed in the form of the axial cut, which does not change the angle of shooting at all, but has the clear purpose of showing a perspective closer or farther from the subject, and therefore does not interfere with temporal continuity.
Systems
Narrative logic
Classical narration progresses always through psychological motivation, i. e., by the will of a human character and its struggle with obstacles towards a defined goal. This narrative element is commonly composed of a primary narrative (often a romance) intertwined with a secondary narrative, such as a business or a crime. This narrative is structured with an unmistakable beginning, middle and end, and generally there is a distinct resolution. Utilizing actors, events, causal effects, main points, and secondary points are basic characteristics of this type of narrative. The characters in Classical Hollywood Cinema have clearly definable traits, are active, and very goal oriented. They are causal agents motivated by psychological rather than social concerns.[5] The narrative is a chain of cause and effect with the characters being the causal agents — in classical style, events do not occur randomly.
Cinematic time
Time in classical Hollywood is continuous, linear, and uniform, since non-linearity calls attention to the illusory workings of the medium. The only permissible manipulation of time in this format is the flashback. It is mostly used to introduce a memory sequence of a character, e. g., Casablanca.
Cinematic space
The greatest rule of classical continuity regarding space is object permanence: the viewer must believe that the scene exists outside the shot of the cinematic frame to maintain the picture's realism. The treatment of space in classical Hollywood strives to overcome or conceal the two-dimensionality of film ("invisible style") and is strongly centered upon the human body. The majority of shots in a classical film focus on gestures or facial expressions (medium-long and medium shots). André Bazin once compared classical film to a photographed play in that the events seem to exist objectively and that cameras only give us the best view of the whole play.[15]
This treatment of space consists of four main aspects: centering, balancing, frontality, and depth. Persons or objects of significance are mostly in the center part of the picture frame and never out of focus. Balancing refers to the visual composition, i. e., characters are evenly distributed throughout the frame. The action is subtly addressed towards the spectator (frontality) and set, lighting (mostly three-point lighting, especially high-key lighting), and costumes are designed to separate foreground from the background (depth).
Relations of systems
The aspects of space and time are subordinated to the narrative element.
List of important figures in the era
Many of the film-makers listed below did multiple chores on various film productions through their careers. They are here listed by the category they are most readily recognized as. If they are recognized in more than one category on the same level, they are listed in all of them.
Directors
The following is a list of directors associated with classical Hollywood. Some of them also had careers in other countries (e. g., Hitchcock and Renoir), and some also had careers either before (e. g., Griffith) or after (e. g., Huston) the classical era.
Robert Aldrich[16]
Lewis Allen[17]
Lloyd Bacon[16]
- Clarence G. Badger
- William Beaudine
Busby Berkeley[16]
Frank Borzage[16]
- John Brahm
- Clarence Brown
- Tod Browning
Frank Capra[16]
- Charlie Chaplin
John Cromwell[16]
George Cukor[16]
Michael Curtiz[16]
Cecil B. DeMille[16]
- Andre DeToth
William Dieterle[16]
Edward Dmytryk[16]
Stanley Donen[16]
John Farrow[18]
Victor Fleming[16]
John Ford[16]
- Chester Franklin
Sidney Franklin[16]
Samuel Fuller[16]
- Edmund Goulding
D. W. Griffith[16]
Howard Hawks[16]
Stuart Heisler[19]
Alfred Hitchcock[16]
John Huston[16]
- Garson Kanin
Elia Kazan[16]
- Henry King
Stanley Kramer[16]
Gregory La Cava[16]
Fritz Lang[16]
Mervyn LeRoy[16]
Frank Lloyd[16]
Ernst Lubitsch[16]
Sidney Lumet[16]
- Ida Lupino
Rouben Mamoulian[16]
Joseph L. Mankiewicz[16]
Anthony Mann[16]
Leo McCarey[16]
Andrew V. McLaglen[20]
Lewis Milestone[16]
Vincente Minnelli[16]
- Jean Negulesco
- Marshall Neilan
- Max Ophüls
Otto Preminger[16]
Irving Rapper[16]
Nicholas Ray[16]
- Jean Renoir
Wesley Ruggles[16]
- Mark Sandrich
- Victor Sjöström
- John M. Stahl
George Stevens[16]
John Sturges[16]
Preston Sturges[16]
- Frank Tashlin
W. S. Van Dyke[16]
Charles Vidor[16]
King Vidor[16]
Josef von Sternberg[16]
Raoul Walsh[16]
Orson Welles[16]
William A. Wellman[16]
- James Whale
Billy Wilder[16]
Sam Wood[16]
William Wyler[16]
Fred Zinnemann[16]
Producers
- Pandro S. Berman
Harry Cohn[16]
- Walt Disney
Arthur Freed[16]
Sam Goldwyn[16]
Arthur Hornblow Jr.[16]
Howard Hughes[16]
Stanley Kramer[16]
Louis B. Mayer[16]
David O. Selznick[16]
- Sam Spiegel
Irving Thalberg[16]
Hal B. Wallis[16]
- Jack L. Warner
Darryl F. Zanuck[16]
- Adolph Zukor
Actors
- Brian Aherne
- Don Ameche
Dana Andrews[16]
Fred Astaire[16]
- Lew Ayres
- Martin Balsam
John Barrymore[16]
Lionel Barrymore[16]
- Warner Baxter
Wallace Beery[16]
Ralph Bellamy[16]
- William Bendix
Humphrey Bogart[16]
Ward Bond[16]
Ernest Borgnine[16]
- Charles Boyer
Marlon Brando[16]
Walter Brennan[16]
James Cagney[16]
John Carradine[16]
- Lon Chaney
Charlie Chaplin[16]
- Maurice Chevalier
Montgomery Clift[16]
Lee J. Cobb[16]
- Lew Cody
Ronald Colman[16]
Gary Cooper[16]
Joseph Cotten[16]
Broderick Crawford[16]
- Hume Cronyn
Bing Crosby[16]
Tony Curtis[16]
James Dean[16]
- Richard Dix
Kirk Douglas[16]
- Melvyn Douglas
- Jimmy Durante
Dan Duryea[16]
Douglas Fairbanks Sr.[16]
Douglas Fairbanks Jr.[16]
- José Ferrer
Errol Flynn[16]
Henry Fonda[16]
Glenn Ford[16]
Clark Gable[16]
- John Garfield
John Gilbert[16]
- Farley Granger
- Stewart Granger
Cary Grant[16]
Sydney Greenstreet[16]
- Edmund Gwenn
- Alan Hale, Sr
- Rex Harrison
- Sessue Hayakawa
Gabby Hayes[16]
Paul Henreid[16]
- Charlton Heston
William Holden[16]
Bob Hope[16]
Edward Everett Horton[16]
Leslie Howard[16]
Rock Hudson[16]
John Huston[16]
- Boris Karloff
- Danny Kaye
- Buster Keaton
Gene Kelly[16]
- J. Warren Kerrigan
Alan Ladd[16]
Burt Lancaster[16]
Charles Laughton[16]
Laurel and Hardy[16]
- Peter Lawford
Jack Lemmon[16]
Oscar Levant[16]
- Peter Lorre
- Bela Lugosi
Fred MacMurray[16]
Karl Malden[16]
Fredric March[16]
- Herbert Marshall
James Mason[16]
Raymond Massey[16]
- Victor Mature
Joel McCrea[16]
- Victor McLaglen
- Steve McQueen
- Adolphe Menjou
Ray Milland[16]
Thomas Mitchell[16]
Robert Mitchum[16]
- Robert Montgomery
- Frank Morgan
- Chester Morris
Paul Muni[16]
- Conrad Nagel
Paul Newman[16]
David Niven[16]
- Ramon Novarro
Pat O'Brien[16]
Laurence Olivier[16]
Gregory Peck[16]
- Anthony Perkins
Walter Pidgeon[16]
Sidney Poitier[16]
Dick Powell[16]
William Powell[16]
Tyrone Power[16]
- George Raft
Claude Rains[16]
- Wallace Reid
- Basil Rathbone
- Ronald Reagan
- Cliff Robertson
Edward G. Robinson[16]
- Will Rogers
Cesar Romero[16]
Mickey Rooney[16]
George Sanders[16]
Randolph Scott[16]
Frank Sinatra[16]
- Red Skelton
James Stewart[16]
- Dean Stockwell
- Lewis Stone
- Barry Sullivan
- Lyle Talbot
Robert Taylor[16]
Franchot Tone[16]
Spencer Tracy[16]
- Rudolph Valentino
- Erich von Stroheim
John Wayne[16]
Johnny Weissmuller[16]
- Orson Welles
Richard Widmark[16]
- Warren William
- Roland Young
Actresses
June Allyson[16]
Judith Anderson[16]
- Julie Andrews
Eve Arden[16]
Jean Arthur[16]
Mary Astor[16]
Lauren Bacall[16]
Lucille Ball[16]
- Tallulah Bankhead
Ethel Barrymore[16]
Anne Baxter[16]
- Constance Bennett
Joan Bennett[16]
Ingrid Bergman[16]
Joan Blondell[16]
Beulah Bondi[16]
- Clara Bow
- Louise Brooks
- Billie Burke
- Cyd Charisse
Claudette Colbert[16]
- Jeanne Crain
Joan Crawford[16]
Dorothy Dandridge[16]
Bebe Daniels[16]
- Linda Darnell
Jane Darwell[16]
Bette Davis[16]
Doris Day[16]
- Laraine Day
- Priscilla Dean
Olivia de Havilland[16]
Dolores del Río[16]
Marlene Dietrich[16]
- Billie Dove
- Marie Dressler
Irene Dunne[16]
- Glenda Farrell
- Geraldine Fitzgerald
Joan Fontaine[16]
- Pauline Frederick
Greta Garbo[16]
Ava Gardner[16]
Judy Garland[16]
Greer Garson[16]
- Janet Gaynor
Lillian Gish[16]
Paulette Goddard[16]
Betty Grable[16]
Gloria Grahame[16]
Kathryn Grayson[16]
- Ann Harding
Jean Harlow[16]
- Julie Harris
- Helen Hayes
Susan Hayward[16]
Rita Hayworth[16]
Audrey Hepburn[16]
Katharine Hepburn[16]
Judy Holliday[16]
Celeste Holm[16]
- Miriam Hopkins
- Lena Horne
- Anne Jeffreys
Jennifer Jones[16]
Ruby Keeler[16]
Grace Kelly[16]
Deborah Kerr[16]
Veronica Lake[16]
Hedy Lamarr[16]
- Dorothy Lamour
- Priscilla Lane
- Angela Lansbury
Janet Leigh[16]
Vivien Leigh[16]
Joan Leslie[16]
Carole Lombard[16]
Myrna Loy[16]
Ida Lupino[16]
- Jeanette MacDonald
Virginia Mayo[16]
Mercedes McCambridge[16]
Hattie McDaniel[16]
Una Merkel[16]
Ann Miller[16]
- Carmen Miranda
Marilyn Monroe[16]
Agnes Moorehead[16]
- Mae Murray
- Patricia Neal
- Pola Negri
- Merle Oberon
Maureen O'Hara[16]
Maureen O'Sullivan[16]
Eleanor Parker[16]
Jean Peters[16]
Mary Pickford[16]
Eleanor Powell[16]
Donna Reed[16]
- Lee Remick
- Debbie Reynolds
Thelma Ritter[16]
Ginger Rogers[16]
Jane Russell[16]
Rosalind Russell[16]
Norma Shearer[16]
Ann Sheridan[16]
Jean Simmons[16]
- Ann Sothern
Barbara Stanwyck[16]
Margaret Sullavan[16]
Gloria Swanson[16]
- Blanche Sweet
- Constance Talmadge
- Norma Talmadge
Elizabeth Taylor[16]
- Shirley Temple
Gene Tierney[16]
Claire Trevor[16]
- Lana Turner
Mae West[16]
Esther Williams[16]
- Shelley Winters
- Anna May Wong
Natalie Wood[16]
Fay Wray[16]
Teresa Wright[16]
Jane Wyman[16]
- Jane Wyatt
Loretta Young[16]
Others
Adrian (costume designer)
Nacio Herb Brown (songwriter)
Julius J. Epstein (screenwriter)
Arthur Freed (lyricist, producer)
Cedric Gibbons (art director)
Ruth Gordon (screenwriter)
Edith Head[16] (costume designer)
Ben Hecht (screenwriter)
Bernard Herrmann (composer) [21]
Garson Kanin (screenwriter, director)
Erich Wolfgang Korngold (composer) [22]
Anita Loos (screenwriter)
Charles MacArthur (screenwriter)
Herman J. Mankiewicz (screenwriter)
Alfred Newman (composer)
Orry-Kelly (costume designer)
Hermes Pan (choreographer)
Walter Plunkett (costume designer)
Sol Polito (cinematographer)
Robert Riskin (screenwriter)
Miklós Rózsa (composer) [23]
Morrie Ryskind (screenwriter)
Budd Schulberg (screenwriter)
Irene Sharaff (costume designer)
Max Steiner[16] (composer)
Herbert Stothart (composer)
Preston Sturges (screenwriter)
Jo Swerling (screenwriter)
Dimitri Tiomkin (composer) [24]
Gregg Toland (cinematographer)
Dalton Trumbo (screenwriter)
Irene_(costume_designer) (costume designer)
Helen Rose (costume designer)
Franz Waxman (composer) [25]
List of notable films
The following is a chronological list of notable American and British films that were made during Hollywood's Golden Age.
Silent era
The Mothering Heart (1913)
The Birth of a Nation (1915)
Intolerance (1916)
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917)
The Immigrant (1917)
The Poor Little Rich Girl (1917)
Wild and Woolly (1917)
Broken Blossoms (1919)
Pollyanna (1920)
The Last of the Mohicans (1920)
Within Our Gates (1920)
Way Down East (1920)
Orphans of the Storm (1921)
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921)
The Kid (1921)
A Woman of Paris (1921)
The Covered Wagon (1923)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)
Safety Last! (1923)
Greed (1924)
Sherlock Jr. (1924)
The Thief of Bagdad (1924)
Ben-Hur (1925)
The Big Parade (1925)
The Gold Rush (1925)
Little Annie Rooney (1925)
The Phantom of the Opera (1925)
Flesh and the Devil (1926)
Sparrows (1926)
The Black Pirate (1926)
The Canadian (1926)
The General (1926)
7th Heaven (1927)
It (1927)
The Circus (1928)
The Unknown (1927)
The Wind (1928)
City Lights (1931)
Tabu (1931)
Sound era
The Jazz Singer (1927)
A Free Soul (1930)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
Anna Christie (1930)
Morocco (1930) [26]
Romance (1930)
The Divorcee (1930)
Bad Girl (1931)
Blonde Crazy (1931)
Dracula (1931)
Frankenstein (1931)
Platinum Blonde (1931)
The Public Enemy (1931)
A Farewell to Arms (1932)
Forbidden (1932)
Freaks (1932)
Grand Hotel (1932)
Red Dust (1932)
Scarface (1932)
Shanghai Express (1932) [27]
The Animal Kingdom (1932)
Trouble in Paradise (1932) [28]
She Done Him Wrong (1933)
42nd Street (1933)
Baby Face (1933)
Design for Living (1933) [29]
Dinner at Eight (1933)
Duck Soup (1933)
Flying Down to Rio (1933)
Footlight Parade (1933)
The Invisible Man (1933)
King Kong (1933)
Lady for a Day (1933)
Man's Castle (1933)
Queen Christina (1933)
Broadway Bill (1934)
Imitation of Life (1934)
It Happened One Night (1934) [30]
Manhattan Melodrama (1934)
No Greater Glory (1934)
Of Human Bondage (1934)
The Gay Divorcee (1934)
The Old Fashioned Way (1934)
The Thin Man (1934)
Twentieth Century (1934)
Wonder Bar (1934)
The 39 Steps (1935)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
A Night at the Opera (1935)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
Anna Karenina (1935)
Gold Diggers of 1935 (1935)
Sylvia Scarlett (1935)
Top Hat (1935)
Camille (1936)
Follow the Fleet (1936)
Libeled Lady (1936)
Modern Times (1936)*
Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936)
My Man Godfrey (1936) [31]
San Francisco (1936)
Swing Time (1936)
Theodora Goes Wild (1936)
The Awful Truth (1937) [32]
Captains Courageous (1937)
Easy Living (1937)
Gold Diggers of 1937 (1937)
Heidi (1937)
Lost Horizon (1937)
Make Way for Tomorrow (1937) [33]
Marked Woman (1937)
Nothing Sacred (1937)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
Shall We Dance (1937)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Stage Door (1937)
A Star is Born (1937)
Stella Dallas (1937)
True Confession (1937)
Varsity Show (1937)
Wee Willie Winkie (1937)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938)
Algiers (1938)
Angels with Dirty Faces (1938)
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
Holiday (1938)
Jezebel (1938)
Pygmalion (1938)
You Can't Take It with You (1938)
5th Avenue Girl (1939)
Babes in Arms (1939)
Beau Geste (1939)
Dark Victory (1939)
Destry Rides Again (1939)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939)
Gunga Din (1939)
Love Affair (1939)
Midnight (1939)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
Ninotchka (1939)
Only Angels Have Wings (1939) [34]
Stagecoach (1939) [35]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939)
The Little Princess (1939)
The Oklahoma Kid (1939)
The Roaring Twenties (1939)
The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Women (1939)
Wuthering Heights (1939)
Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) [36]
All This, and Heaven Too (1940)
Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Foreign Correspondent (1940) [37]
The Grapes of Wrath (1940)
The Great Dictator (1940)
His Girl Friday (1940) [38]
Kitty Foyle (1940)
The Letter (1940)
The Long Voyage Home (1940)
The Mortal Storm (1940)
My Favorite Wife (1940)
The Philadelphia Story (1940) [39]
Pinocchio (1940)
Pride and Prejudice (1940)
Primrose Path (1940)
Rebecca (1940) [40]
The Shop Around the Corner (1940)
49th Parallel (1941)
Ball of Fire (1941)
Blossoms in the Dust (1941)
Citizen Kane (1941)
Dumbo (1941)
Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941)
High Sierra (1941)
Hold Back the Dawn (1941)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
The Little Foxes (1941)
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
Meet John Doe (1941)
Mr. and Mrs. Smith (1941)
One Foot in Heaven (1941)
Penny Serenade (1941)
Sergeant York (1941)
Sullivan's Travels (1941) [41]
Suspicion (1941)
The Bride Came C.O.D. (1941)
The Lady Eve (1941) [42]
You'll Never Get Rich (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Casablanca (1942)
Holiday Inn (1942)
In Which We Serve (1942)
Kings Row (1942)
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942) [43]
The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
The Palm Beach Story (1942) [44]
The Pied Piper (1942)
The Pride of the Yankees (1942)
Random Harvest (1942)
Saboteur (1942)
The Talk of the Town (1942)
Tortilla Flat (1942)
Wake Island (1942)
Woman of the Year (1942) [45]
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
You Were Never Lovelier (1942)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)
Heaven Can Wait (1943) [46]
The Human Comedy (1943)
Journey into Fear (1943)
Madame Curie (1943)
The More the Merrier (1943)
The Ox-Bow Incident (1943)
Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
The Song of Bernadette (1943)
Stormy Weather (1943)
Watch on the Rhine (1943)
Arsenic and Old Lace (1944)
Cover Girl (1944)
Double Indemnity (1944)
Gaslight (1944)
Going My Way (1944)
Henry V (1944)
Laura (1944)
Lifeboat (1944)
The Lodger (1944)
Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944)
National Velvet (1944)
Since You Went Away (1944)
To Have and Have Not (1944)
The Uninvited (1944) [47]
Wilson (1944)
Anchors Aweigh (1945)
The Bells of St. Mary's (1945)
Hangover Square (1945)
The Lost Weekend (1945)
Mildred Pierce (1945) [48]
Spellbound (1945)
Anna and the King of Siam (1946)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
The Big Sleep (1946)
Duel in the Sun (1946)
Gilda (1946) [49]
Great Expectations (1946)
Humoresque (1946)
It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
The Killers (1946) [50]
The Locket (1946)
Notorious (1946)
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946)
The Razor's Edge (1946)
The Yearling (1946)
The Bishop's Wife (1947)
Crossfire (1947)
Dead Reckoning (1947)
Gentleman's Agreement (1947)
The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947)
The Lady from Shanghai (1947)
Miracle on 34th Street (1947)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
The Paradine Case (1947)
Fort Apache (1948)
Hamlet (1948)
Johnny Belinda (1948)
Key Largo (1948)
Red River (1948) [51]
The Red Shoes (1948)
Rope (1948)
The Snake Pit (1948)
State of the Union (1948)
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
Adam's Rib (1949)
All the King's Men (1949)
Battleground (1949)
The Heiress (1949)
Intruder in the Dust (1949)
A Letter to Three Wives (1949)
The Third Man (1949)
Twelve O'Clock High (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
Born Yesterday (1950)
Caged (1950)
Cinderella (1950)
Father of the Bride (1950)
In a Lonely Place (1950) [52]
King Solomon's Mines (1950)
Rio Grande (1950)
Summer Stock (1950)
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
Treasure Island (1950)
The African Queen (1951)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
An American in Paris (1951)
The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)
Decision Before Dawn (1951)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
Quo Vadis (1951)
Strangers on a Train (1951)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)
The Greatest Show on Earth (1952)
High Noon (1952)
Ivanhoe (1952)
Limelight (1952)
The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952)
Monkey Business (1952)
Moulin Rouge (1952)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1952)
The Quiet Man (1952)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952)
The Band Wagon (1953)
The Big Heat (1953)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
Julius Caesar (1953)
Mogambo (1953)
Peter Pan (1953)
The Robe (1953)
Roman Holiday (1953)
Shane (1953)
The Sword and the Rose (1953)
The War of the Worlds (1953)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954)
A Star Is Born (1954)
The Caine Mutiny (1954)
The Country Girl (1954)
Dial M for Murder (1954)
On the Waterfront (1954) [53]
Rear Window (1954)
Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue (1954)
Sabrina (1954)
Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954)
Vera Cruz (1954)
Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (1955)
Marty (1955)
Mister Roberts (1955)
Picnic (1955)
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
Richard III (1955)
The Rose Tattoo (1955)
The Seven Year Itch (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
Autumn Leaves (1956)
Forbidden Planet (1956)
Friendly Persuasion (1956)
Giant (1956)
Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)
The King and I (1956)
The Searchers (1956)
The Ten Commandments (1956)
12 Angry Men (1957) [54]
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
A King in New York (1957)
Peyton Place (1957)
Sayonara (1957)
Witness for the Prosecution (1957)
Auntie Mame (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
The Defiant Ones (1958)
Gigi (1958)
The Long, Hot Summer (1958)
Separate Tables (1958)
Touch of Evil (1958)
Vertigo (1958)
A Hole in the Head (1959)
Anatomy of a Murder (1959) [55]
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
North by Northwest (1959)
The Nun's Story (1959)
Room at the Top (1959)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
Some Like It Hot (1959) [56]
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
The Alamo (1960)
The Apartment (1960)
Elmer Gantry (1960)
Psycho (1960)
Sons and Lovers (1960)
Spartacus (1960)- The Sundowners (1960)
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
The Children's Hour (1961)
Fanny (1961)
The Guns of Navarone (1961)
The Hustler (1961)
Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)
Pocketful of Miracles (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
King of Kings (1961)
The Misfits (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Longest Day (1962)
The Music Man (1962)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)
Gypsy (1962)
America America (1963)
The Birds (1963)
Charade (1963)- Cleopatra (1963)
Love with the Proper Stranger (1963)- Jason and the Argonauts (1963)
How the West Was Won (1963)
Lilies of the Field (1963)
Tom Jones (1963)
Bye Bye Birdie (1963)
Irma la Douce (1963)
Move Over, Darling (1963)
Hud (1963)
Becket (1964)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
Sex and the Single Girl (1964)
Mary Poppins (1964)
My Fair Lady (1964)
Zorba the Greek (1964)
Send Me No Flowers (1964)
Viva Las Vegas (1964)
The Night of the Iguana (1964)
The Sound of Music (1965)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
The Great Race (1965)
Cat Ballou (1965)
Shenandoah (1965)
The Bible: In the Beginning... (1966)
Hawaii (1966)
A Man for All Seasons (1966)
The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966)
Torn Curtain (1966)
This Property Is Condemned (1966)
Penelope (1966)
How to Steal a Million (1966)
The Glass Bottom Boat (1966)
References
^ Classical and Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema Essay
^ "The Ancient Art of Falling DownVaudeville Cinema between Hollywood and China". MCLC Resource Center. 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2017-12-14..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ [1] German Expressionist Cinema-
The World of Light and Shadow-Columbia University Press
^ The Classic Hollywood Narrative Style at University of San Diego History Dept
^ ab Goldburg, Michael. "Classical Hollywood Cinema (Internet Archive)". Archived from the original on 31 May 2007. Retrieved 31 May 2007.
^ ab "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^ "The "golden age" of silent film – Sweden – bio, actress, children, wife, cinema, role, story".
^ Georges Sadoul. Всеобщая история кино. — Moscow, Iskustvo, 1958. — Т. 3. — page 178
^ [2]
Evgenii Bauer (1865-1917)
^ Brownlow, Kevin (1968). The Parade's Gone By..., University of California Press, p. 78.
ISBN 0-520-03068-0.
^ Golden Age of Hollywood: Movies, Actors and Actresses***
^ Expressive Experimentalism in Silent Cinema 1926-1929-Lucia Maria Pier
^ Classical Hollywood Narrative
^ Bordwell, David; Staiger, Janet; Thompson, Kristin (1985): The Classical Hollywood Cinema. Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960. New York: Columbia University Press. 1–59
^ Bordwell: 24
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazbabbbcbdbebfbgbhbibjbkblbmbnbobpbqbrbsbtbubvbwbxbybzcacbcccdcecfcgchcicjckclcmcncocpcqcrcsctcucvcwcxcyczdadbdcdddedfdgdhdidjdkdldmdndodpdqdrdsdtdudvdwdxdydzeaebecedeeefegeheiejekelemeneoepeqereseteuevewexeyezfafbfcfdfefffgfhfifjfkflfmfnfofpfqfrfsftfufvfwfxfyfzgagbgcgdgegfggghgigjgkglgmgngogpgqgrgsgtgugvgwgxgygzhahbhchdhehfhghhhihjhkhlhmhnhohphqhrhshthuhvhwhxhyhzia [3] The Directors, Producers,
and Money Men-Hollywood's Golden Age.com
^ Bordwell: p. 1897
^ McGilligan: p. 21, 54, 200, 269, 293
^ Davis: p. 209
^ Dixon (2013), p. 179
^ The music behind Hollywood's golden age-Telegraph
^ The music behind Hollywood's golden age-Telegraph
^ The music behind Hollywood's golden age-Telegraph
^ The music behind Hollywood's golden age-Telegraph
^ The music behind Hollywood's golden age-Telegraph
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
^ Classic Hollywood-Criterion Collection
See also
- New Hollywood
Golden Age of Television-first one in the 1950s-60s- Golden age of American animation
Further reading
Bordwell, David; Staiger, Janet; Thompson, Kristin (1985). The Classical Hollywood Cinema. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06055-6.
Davis, Blair (2012). The Battle for the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813552538.
- Fawell, John. (2008) The Hidden Art of Hollywood. Westport Conn.: Praeger Press.
McGilligan, Patrick (1985). Backstory 1: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age (No. 1). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520056893.
Salt, Barry. Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis.
Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2013). Cinema at the Margins. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-186-9.
External links
- David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson, "Happy Birthday, classical cinema!", December 28, 2007. Analysis of classical continuity in narrative film from 1917 to this day.
- The Movies-Hollywood's Golden Age.com
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