Robert Were Fox the Younger
































Robert Were Fox the Younger
Fox Robert Were Younger.jpg
Born 26 April 1789
Died
25 July 1877 (1877-07-26) (aged 88)
Nationality British
Known for Geophysical measurements
Magnetic dip compass
Scientific career
Fields Mining, geology, geophysics


Robert Were Fox FRS (26 April 1789 – 25 July 1877) was a British geologist, natural philosopher and inventor. He is known mainly for his work on the temperature of the earth and his construction of a compass to measure magnetic dip at sea.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Life and family


  • 2 Business interests


  • 3 Horticultural interests


  • 4 Scientific work


  • 5 Honours and activities


  • 6 Selected writings


  • 7 Notes


  • 8 References


  • 9 Further reading


  • 10 External links





Life and family


Robert Were Fox the Younger was born on 26 April 1789 at Falmouth, United Kingdom, the eldest son of Robert Were Fox (1754–1818)[a] and his wife, Elizabeth Tregelles. He had nine siblings. The Fox family were members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and were descended from members who had long settled in Cornwall, although they were not related to George Fox who had introduced the community into the county.


In 1814, Fox the Younger married Maria Barclay (1785–1858), daughter of Robert and Rachel Barclay of Bury Hill,[2][3] near Dorking, Surrey. Maria's sister, Lucy, married Fox's cousin, George Croker Fox (1784–1850).


Robert Were Fox the Younger and his wife had three children, Anna Maria (1816–1897), Barclay (1817–1855) and Caroline (1819–1871). Both Caroline and Barclay Fox's journals have been published.


Robert Were Fox the Younger died on 25 July 1877 and was buried at the Quaker Burial Ground at Budock.[b]



Business interests


Fox was involved in many aspects of his family's businesses, along with several of his brothers. He also served as Honorary Consul of the USA in Falmouth from 1819 to 1854.


Fox and Joel Lean were granted a patent in 1812 for their modifications of steam engines.[4]


Specification of the Patent granted to Robert Were Fox and Joel Lean, of Budock, near Falmouth; for certain Improvements on Steam Engines, and the Jpparatui needful or expedient to be used with the same.



Horticultural interests


Fox's gardens at Rosehill[5] and Penjerrick, near Falmouth, became noted for the number of exotic plants which he and his son, Barclay, had naturalised. Both are now both open to the public.



Scientific work




Experimental apparatus of Fox[6]


Fox's work was in what today would be referred to as geophysics. He was distinguished for his researches on the internal temperature of the earth, contributing papers to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall,[7] and being the first to prove that temperature definitely increases with depth (the geothermal gradient), his observations being conducted in Cornish mines from 1815 for a period of forty years.[8] In 1829 he began a set of experiments on the artificial production of miniature metalliferous veins by means of the long-continued influence of electric currents, and his main results were published in 1836.[9]


In 1834 Fox constructed an improved form of deflector dipping needle compass, or dip circle, for polar navigation.[c]
One was used by Sir James Clark Ross on his Antarctic expedition and used to discover the position of the South magnetic pole.[11]


He was a key person in the development of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society and its promotion of scientific research and training. He was an active member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.On 2 June 1838 Fox was elected a member of the newly-formed London Electrical Society[12]


Robert Were Fox, his cousin, George Croker Fox (1784–1850) and brother, Alfred Fox, assembled excellent collections of minerals, which are now in the British Museum, given by Arthur Russell.[13]



Honours and activities



  • Fellow of the Royal Society (Elected 9 September 1848)[14]

The Society owns a collection of letters addressed to Fox and his family.[15]


Selected writings


The following is a very incomplete list of Fox's writings. According to the Dictionary of National Biography (1889), Fox authored 52 scientific papers.[16]





  • Fox, Robert W. (1822). "On the Temperature of Mines". Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 2: 14–28. Retrieved 8 December 2007..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  • Fox, Robert W. (1827). "Some Further Observations on the Temperature of Mines". Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 3: 313–328. Retrieved 8 December 2007.


  • Fox, Robert Wear [sic] (1828). "Experiments Illustrative of the Influence of Voltaic Electricity on Copper Pyrites". The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry. 3: 133–134. Retrieved 8 December 2007.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  • Fox, Robert Were (1828). "Some Observations of Metalliferous Veins, and their Electro-magnetic Properties". Transactions of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. 3: 21–28. Retrieved 9 December 2007.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1830). "On the Electro-Magnetic Properties of Metalliferous Veins in the Mines of Cornwall". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 120: 399–414. doi:10.1098/rstl.1830.0027.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1831). "On the Variable Intensity of Terrestrial Magnetism, and the Influence of the Aurora Borealis upon It". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 121: 199–207. doi:10.1098/rstl.1831.0012.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1830–1837). "On Certain Irregularities in the Magnetic Needle, Produced by Partial Warmth, and the Relations Which Appear to Subsist between Terrestrial Magnetism and the Geological Structure and Thermo-Electrical Currents of the Earth". Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 3: 123–125. doi:10.1098/rspl.1830.0066.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1840). "Some Remarks on Electric Currents in Metalliferous Veins". The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. 28: 267–270. Retrieved 9 December 2007.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1846). "On Certain Pseudo-Morphous Crystals of Quartz". The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. 40: 115–120. Retrieved 8 December 2007.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1847). "Some Remarks on the High Temperatures in the United Mines". The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal. 43: 99–102. Retrieved 26 January 2008.


  • Fox, Robert W. (1855). "On Sand-worn Granite near the Land's-End". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. 11: 549–550. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1855.011.01-02.62. Retrieved 9 December 2007.


  • Fox, Robert W. (1858). "Report on the Temperature of Some Deep Mines in Cornwall". Report of the Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 11: 96–101. Retrieved 9 December 2007.


  • A Catalogue of the Works of Robert Were Fox, F.R.S., with a Sketch of his Life (1878), by J. H. Collins, Truro, Lake & Lake.




Notes





  1. ^ Fox and his father (1754–1818) had the same name. The father also merited an entry in ODNB: Payton 2004


  2. ^ R. W. Fox was buried at the Quaker Burial Ground, Budock, along with his daughters, Anna Maria and Caroline, according to a Burial Plan at the Cornwall Record Office. However, no gravestones for them remain: the Burial Ground was vandalised in the 1970s and many gravestones broken.[citation needed]


  3. ^ The dip of a needle is defined as:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

    "a certain property which all needles possess when rubbed with a lodestone of inclining the north end below the level of the horizon: this property found to increase in going northward".[10]








  1. ^ The main source for this article is ODNB biography: Crook 2004


  2. ^ Westcott 2004, pp. 17–22.


  3. ^ Exploring Surrey's Past 2009.


  4. ^ Fox & Lean 1813, pp. 200–204.


  5. ^ (Tripod 2010[unreliable source?])


  6. ^ Fox 1837, pp. 133–134.


  7. ^ Crook 2004.


  8. ^ Cornish Mining 2007.


  9. ^ Fox 1836.


  10. ^ Falconer 1830, pp. 122, 123 and Plate IX, Figure 11.


  11. ^ Archives of Natural History Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.


  12. ^ Minute Book of the London Electrical Society 2 June 1838 (unpaginated). Special Collections Ms. 42/2. Archives of The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London WC2R 0BU


  13. ^ Embery & Symes 1987, p. [page needed].


  14. ^ Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007


  15. ^ See this listing of archives


  16. ^ Harrison 1889, p. 113.




References




  • "Mining schools and Institutes". Cornish Mining World Heritage Site. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011.


  • Crook, Denise (2004). "Fox, Robert Were (1789–1877)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10042.
    (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)The first edition of this text is available at Wikisource:  "Fox, Robert Were". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.


  • "Dorking: Bury Hill and the Barclays". Exploring Surrey's Past. 9 February 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2016. – Information on Bury Hill, Maria Fox's parental home


  • Embery, P.G.; Symes, R.F. (1987). Minerals of Cornwall and Devon. British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 978-0-565-01046-1., Paperback
    ISBN 0-565-00989-3


  • Falconer, William, ed. (1830). "Dipping Needle". A New and Universal Dictionary of the Marine (improved and modernised ed.). pp. 122, 123 and Plate IX, Figure 11.


  • Fox, Robert Were; Lean, Joel (1813). "Specifications of the patent granted to Robert Were Fox and Joel Lean ...for certain Improvements on Steam Engines…". The Repertory of Arts and Manufactures, Arts, Manufactures and Agriculture. 23: 200–204. Retrieved 14 September 2008.


  • Fox, Robert Were (1836). "Observations on Mineral Veins". Reports of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society:&#91, page&nbsp, needed&#93, . Retrieved 8 December 2007.


  • Fox, Robert Wear [sic] (1837). "Experiments Illustrative of the Influence of Voltaic Electricity on Copper Pyrites". The Annals of Electricity, Magnetism, and Chemistry. 1: 133–134. Retrieved 8 December 2007.


  •  Harrison, William Jerome (1889). "Fox, Robert Were". In Stephen, Leslie. Dictionary of National Biography. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 113.


  • Payton, Philip (2004). "Fox, Robert Were (1754–1818)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42083.
    (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)


  • "Sandra & George Pritchard's Fox Rosehill Garden website". Tripod. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
    [unreliable source?]


  • "Barclay, Perkins & Co". Westcott Local History Group Annual Report for 2004: 17–22.. This unsigned article tells the history of the family of Robert Barclay (1751–1830), the Anchor Brewery, Southwark, which brought them wealth and their home, Bury Hill, Westcott, a village to the West of Dorking.


Attribution



  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fox, Robert Were". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.


Further reading




  • Bauer, Louis Agricola (1910). "Life and Work of Robert Were Fox, 1789–1877". Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity. 15 (3): 207–208. Bibcode:1910TeMAE..15..207.. doi:10.1029/TE015i004p00207.


  • Collins, John Henry (1878). A Catalogue of the Works of Robert Were Fox, F.R.S., with a Sketch of his Life. Truro: Lake & Lake.


  • James, Frank A. J. L. (1993). The Correspondence of Michael Faraday. II. Exeter: Institution of Electrical Engineers (Short Run Press Ltd.).


Letter 1108 (page 518) is from Fox to Faraday in 1838, describing some of Fox's experiments.


External links



  • Image of R W Fox Dip circle at the Science Museum


  • Description of the Fox dip circle – The Encyclopædia Britannica (1888). 9th edition, New York, volume 16, page 161.


  • Biographical information – The Encyclopædia Britannica (1910). 11th edition, New York, volume 10, pages 767 – 768.


  • Collins, J. H. (1871). "A Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon". Mineralogical Magazine. 37 (288): 529. Bibcode:1969MinM...37..529E. doi:10.1180/minmag.1969.037.288.21. Retrieved 8 December 2007. – Dedicated to Robert Were Fox the Younger









-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

Tangent Lines Diagram Along Smooth Curve

圖片
7 1 I am trying to replicate a diagram and have a minimal example. I don't know how to add additional tangents between the specified points and preserve smoothness. documentclass{article} usepackage{tikz} usetikzlibrary{calc,intersections} begin{document} begin{tikzpicture} % Axes draw [->, name path=x] (-1,0) -- (11,0) node [right] {$x$}; draw [->] (0,-1) -- (0,6) node [above] {$y$}; % Origin node at (0,0) [below left] {$0$}; % Points coordinate (start) at (1,-0.8); coordinate (c1) at (3,3); coordinate (c2) at (5.5,1.5); coordinate (c3) at (8,4); coordinate (end) at (10.5,-0.8); % show the points foreach n in {start,c1,c2,c3,end} fill [black] (n) circle (2pt) node [below] {}; % join the coordinates draw [thick,name path=curve] (start) to[out=70,in=180] (c1) to[out=0,in=180]
閱讀完整內容

Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud

圖片
Main article: Taifa of Zaragoza Al-Mu'taman Ruler of Zaragoza Reign 1081–1085 Predecessor Ahmad al-Muqtadir Successor Al-Mustain II Born Zaragoza Died 1085 Full name Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd House Banu Hud Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd (Arabic: المؤتمن بالله يوسف إبن أحمد إبن هود ‎, al-Mutaman bi l-Lah , died c. 1085) was the third king of the Banu Hud dynasty who ruled over the Taifa of Zaragoza from 1081 to 1085. Yusuf al-Mutaman reigned during the height of power of Muslim Zaragoza , following the thriving period of his father Ahmad al-Muqtadir. He continued his father's efforts and created around him a court of intellectuals, living in the beautiful palace of Aljafería, nicknamed as "the palace of joy". Al-Mu'taman was also a scholarly king and a patron of science, philosophy and arts. As an example of a wise king, he knew astrology, philosophy, and especially mathematics, a discipline in which
閱讀完整內容

Zucchini

圖片
This article is about the vegetable. For other uses, see Zucchini (disambiguation). Zucchini (courgette) A striped and a uniform color zucchini Genus Cucurbita Species Cucurbita pepo Origin 19th century northern Italy The zucchini ( / z uː ˈ k iː n i / , American English) or courgette ( / k ʊər ˈ ʒ ɛ t / , British English) is a summer squash which can reach nearly 1 metre (100 cm; 39 in) in length, but is usually harvested when still immature at about 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in). [1] A zucchini is a thin-skinned cultivar of what in Britain and Ireland is referred to as a marrow. [2] [3] In South Africa, a zucchini is known as a baby marrow. Along with certain other squashes and pumpkins, the zucchini belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo . It can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini, is a deep yellow or orange color. [4] In a culinary context, the zucchini is treated as a vegetable; it is usually cooked and presented as a savory dish o
閱讀完整內容