Rollkommando Hamann




Rollkommando Hamann (Lithuanian: skrajojantis būrys) was a small mobile unit that committed mass murders of Lithuanian Jews in the countryside in July–October 1941,[1] with a death toll of at least 60,000 Jews.[2] The unit was also responsible for a large number of murders in Latvia from July through August, 1941. At the end of 1941 the destruction of Lithuanian Jewry was effectively accomplished by the Rollkommando in the countryside, by the Ypatingasis būrys in the Ponary massacre, and by the Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas in the Ninth Fort in Kaunas. In about six months an estimated 80% of all Lithuanian Jews were killed.[3] The remaining few were spared for use as a labor force and concentrated in urban ghettos, mainly the Vilna and Kaunas Ghettos.



Organization


The group consisted of 8–10[4] Germans from Einsatzkommando 3, commanded by SS Obersturmführer Joachim Hamann, and several dozens of Lithuanians from the 3rd company of the Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas (TDA), commanded by Bronius Norkus.[5] The unit had no permanent structure and was called for ad hoc missions in various towns in Lithuania. Hamann himself rarely participated in actual killings.[5] The Jäger Report documents mass executions carried out by the unit in 54 locations across Lithuania.[1] From July 13 to August 22, 1941, the commando operated out of Daugavpils, Latvia. During this time, the commando murdered 9,102 people, almost all of whom were Jews, from the Daugavpils Ghetto.[6]



Operations


Usually the unit arrived after the local Jews were already rounded up and gathered in a more secluded area, usually a forest or a distant field, by local Nazi authorities and "Lithuanian partisans" (local collaborators).[5] Sometimes small, temporary ghettos were set up for gathering the Jews from several nearby towns.[7] Jews selected for executions were marched to the location, usually about 4–5 kilometres (2.5–3.1 mi) away from where they lived,[8] and shot. Sometimes men were shot first, while women and children were executed towards the end of 1941.[7][9] The corpses would be disposed of in pits dug in advance and the loot (clothes and other property of those killed) would be divided among the perpetrators.[9] Such killings became known as "actions" (German: Aktion, Yiddish: Aktsiye‎).[9]



References





  1. ^ ab Melamed, Joseph A. "The Mechanized Commando Unit of Haman". Association of Lithuanian Jews in Israel. Retrieved 2009-03-14..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Dean, Martin C. (2004). "Local Collaboration in the Holocaust in Eastern Europe". In Stone, Dan. The Historiography of the Holocaust. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4039-9927-6.


  3. ^ Porat, Dina (2002). "The Holocaust in Lithuania: Some Unique Aspects". In David Cesarani. The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation. Routledge. p. 161. ISBN 0-415-15232-1.


  4. ^ Latvytė-Gustaitienė, Neringa (2003-05-08). "Holokaustas Trakų apskrityje". Voruta (in Lithuanian). 9 (531). ISSN 1392-0677. Archived from the original on 2005-10-26.


  5. ^ abc Bubnys, Arūnas. "Lithuanian Police Battalions and the Holocaust" (PDF). The International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania. pp. 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-03-14.


  6. ^ Ezergailis, Andrew (1996). The Holocaust in Latvia 1941-1944: The Missing Center. Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia. pp. 276–279. ISBN 9984-9054-3-8.


  7. ^ ab Bubnys, Arūnas. "Holocaust in Lithuanian Province in 1941" (PDF). The International Commission for the Evaluation of the Crimes of the Nazi and Soviet Occupation Regimes in Lithuania. p. 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-03-14.


  8. ^ "The Jager Report". A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. Florida Center for Instructional Technology. 2005. Retrieved 2009-03-14.


  9. ^ abc Levin, Don (2000). The Litvaks: A Short History of the Jews in Lithuania. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. pp. 220–221. ISBN 965-308-084-9.













-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

Xamarin.form Move up view when keyboard appear

圖片
.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty{ height:90px;width:728px;box-sizing:border-box; } 0 I'm trying to build a Chat app UI, the idea of the Layout was pretty simple: When the input bar is focused, keyboard show up and "push" up the chat bar, as it's a grid, the ListView will resize to fit the screen: I update the input bar's margin to "push" it up: NSValue result = (NSValue)args.Notification.UserInfo.ObjectForKey(new NSString(UIKeyboard.FrameEndUserInfoKey)); CGSize keyboardSize = result.RectangleFValue.Size; if (Element != null){ Element.Margin = new Thickness(0, 0, 0,keyboardSize.Height); //push the entry up to keyboard height when keyboard is activated } And this is ...
閱讀完整內容

Post-Redirect-Get with Spring WebFlux and Thymeleaf

圖片
.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty{ height:90px;width:728px;box-sizing:border-box; } 2 Can someone explain to me how to implement the post-redirect-get pattern in Spring WebFlux and Thymeleaf? What subscribes on the database save method? @GetMapping("/register") public String showRegisterForm(Model model) { model.addAttribute("user", new User()); return "register"; } @PostMapping public String processRegisterForm(@Valid User user, BindingResult bindingResult) { if (bindingResult.hasErrors()) { return "register"; } else { userRepository.save(user); //what subscribes on this? //how to redirect on e.g. "/login"? ...
閱讀完整內容

Anylogic : not able to use stopDelay()

圖片
-2 I am building a railway station model. I want a train to depart when I click a button. I want to call stopDelay() for that but I am not sure how to do that and from which place. anylogic share | improve this question asked Nov 23 '18 at 10:12 Anupam Singh Anupam Singh 1 Hi Anupam, welcome to SOF. Please check how to ask good questions, see link below. Your question is...
閱讀完整內容