Isolated point






"0" is an isolated point of A = {0} ∪ [1, 2]


In mathematics, a point x is called an isolated point of a subset S (in a topological space X) if x is an element of S but there exists a neighborhood of x which does not contain any other points of S. This is equivalent to saying that the singleton {x} is an open set in the topological space S (considered as a subspace of X). If the space X is a Euclidean space (or any other metric space), then x is an isolated point of S if there exists an open ball around x which contains no other points of S. (Introducing the notion of sequences and limits, one can say equivalently that an element x of S is an isolated point of S if and only if it is not a limit point of S.)


A set that is made up only of isolated points is called a discrete set. Any discrete subset S of Euclidean space must be countable, since the isolation of each of its points together with the fact the rationals are dense in the reals means that the points of S may be mapped into a set of points with rational coordinates, of which there are only countably many. However, not every countable set is discrete, of which the rational numbers under the usual Euclidean metric are the canonical example. See also discrete space.


A set with no isolated point is said to be dense-in-itself (every neighborhood of a point contains other points of the set). A closed set with no isolated point is called a perfect set (it has all its limit points and none of them are isolated from it).


The number of isolated points is a topological invariant, i.e. if two topological spaces X{displaystyle X}X and Y{displaystyle Y}Y are homeomorphic, the number of isolated points in each is equal.




Contents






  • 1 Standard examples


  • 2 A counter-intuitive example


  • 3 See also


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links





Standard examples


Topological spaces in the following examples are considered as subspaces of the real line with the standard topology.



  • For the set S={0}∪[1,2]{displaystyle S={0}cup [1,2]}S={0}cup [1,2], the point 0 is an isolated point.

  • For the set S={0}∪{1,1/2,1/3,…}{displaystyle S={0}cup {1,1/2,1/3,dots }}S={0}cup {1,1/2,1/3,dots }, each of the points 1/k is an isolated point, but 0 is not an isolated point because there are other points in S as close to 0 as desired.

  • The set N={0,1,2,…}{displaystyle {mathbb {N} }={0,1,2,ldots }}{{mathbb N}}={0,1,2,ldots } of natural numbers is a discrete set.

  • The Morse lemma states that non-degenerate critical points of certain functions are isolated.



A counter-intuitive example


Let us consider the set F{displaystyle F}F of points x{displaystyle x}x in the real interval (0,1){displaystyle (0,1)}(0,1) such that every digit of their binary representation xi{displaystyle x_{i}}x_{i} fulfills the following conditions:



  • Either xi=0{displaystyle x_{i}=0}x_{i}=0 or xi=1{displaystyle x_{i}=1}x_{i}=1.


  • xi=1{displaystyle x_{i}=1}x_{i}=1 only for finitely many indexes i{displaystyle i}i.

  • If m{displaystyle m}m denotes the biggest index such that xm=1{displaystyle x_{m}=1}{displaystyle x_{m}=1}, then xm−1=0{displaystyle x_{m-1}=0}{displaystyle x_{m-1}=0}.

  • If xi=1{displaystyle x_{i}=1}x_{i}=1 and i<m{displaystyle i<m}{displaystyle i<m}, then exactly one of the following two condition holds: xi−1=1{displaystyle x_{i-1}=1}{displaystyle x_{i-1}=1}, xi+1=1{displaystyle x_{i+1}=1}{displaystyle x_{i+1}=1}. Informally, this condition means that every digit of the binary representation of x{displaystyle x}x which equals to 1 belongs to a pair ...0110..., except for ...010... at the very end.


Now, F{displaystyle F}F is an explicit set consisting entirely of isolated points [1] which has the counter-intuitive property that its closure is an uncountable set.[2]


Another set F{displaystyle F}F with the same properties can be obtained as follows. Let C{displaystyle C}C be the middle-thirds Cantor set, let I1,I2,I3,…{displaystyle I_{1},I_{2},I_{3},ldots }{displaystyle I_{1},I_{2},I_{3},ldots } be the component intervals of [0,1]−C{displaystyle [0,1]-C}{displaystyle [0,1]-C}, and let F{displaystyle F}F be a set consisting of one point from each Ik{displaystyle I_{k}}I_{k}. Since each Ik{displaystyle I_{k}}I_{k} contains only one point from F{displaystyle F}F, every point of F{displaystyle F}F is an isolated point. However, if p{displaystyle p}p is any point in the Cantor set, then every neighborhood of p{displaystyle p}p contains at least one Ik{displaystyle I_{k}}I_{k}, and hence at least one point of F{displaystyle F}F. It follows that each point of the Cantor set lies in the closure of F{displaystyle F}F, and therefore F{displaystyle F}F has uncountable closure.



See also



  • Acnode

  • Adherent point

  • Limit point



References





  1. ^ Gomez-Ramirez 2007, p.146-147


  2. ^ Gomez-Ramirez 2007, p. 146




  • Gomez-Ramirez, Danny (2007), "An explicit set of isolated points in R with uncountable closure", Matemáticas: Enseñanza universitaria, Escuela Regional de Matemáticas. Universidad del Valle, Colombia, 15: 145–147.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


External links


  • Weisstein, Eric W. "Isolated Point". MathWorld.



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