Wsrtjtyk

Theodor Morell
(undated photograph)
Born	Theodor Gilbert Morell (1886-07-22)22 July 1886 Trais-Münzenberg, Germany
Died	26 May 1948(1948-05-26) (aged 61) Tegernsee, Bavaria, West Germany
Occupation	Physician
Employer	Adolf Hitler
Known for	Service as Adolf Hitler's personal physician
Spouse(s)	Hannelore Moller (m. 1920–1948)

Theodor Gilbert Morell (22 July 1886 – 26 May 1948) was a German doctor known for acting as Adolf Hitler's personal physician. Morell was well known in Germany for his unconventional treatments. He assisted Hitler daily in virtually everything he did for several years and was beside Hitler until the last stages of the Battle of Berlin.

Early years

Morell was the second son of a primary school teacher, born and raised in the small village of Trais-Münzenberg in Upper Hesse.^[1] A 1945 newspaper article described him as half-Jewish.^[2] He studied medicine in Grenoble and Paris, then trained in obstetrics and gynecology in Munich in 1910. On 23 May 1913, he obtained a doctoral degree and was fully licensed as a medical doctor.^[1] He served as a ship's doctor until 1914, when he volunteered for service at the Front during the First World War. Morell served as an army battalion medical officer until 1917.^[1] By 1918, he was in Berlin with his own medical practice, and in 1920 he married Hannelore Moller, a wealthy actress. He furnished his office with the latest medical technology through his wife's fortune.^[3] He targeted his unconventional treatments at an upscale market, his practice becoming fashionable for treatment of skin and venereal diseases,^[4] and turned down invitations to be personal physician to both the Shah of Persia and the King of Romania.

Career

Hitler's physician

Morell joined the Nazi Party when Hitler came to power in 1933.^[1] In 1935, Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann, was successfully treated by Morell. Hoffmann told Hitler that Morell had saved his life.^[5] Hitler met Morell in 1936, and Morell began treating Hitler with various commercial preparations, including a combination of vitamins and hydrolyzed E. coli bacteria called Mutaflor, which successfully treated Hitler's severe stomach cramps.^[1][5] Through Morell's prescriptions, a leg rash which Hitler had developed also disappeared.^[5] Hitler was convinced of Morell's medical genius and Morell became part of his social inner circle.^[6][7]

Some historians have attempted to explain this by citing Morell's reputation in Germany for success in treating syphilis, along with Hitler's own (speculated) fears of the disease, which he associated closely with Jews. Others have commented on the possibility that Hitler had visible symptoms of Parkinson's disease, especially towards the end of the war.^[8]

Hitler recommended Morell to others of the Nazi leadership, but most of them, including Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, dismissed Morell as a quack. As Albert Speer related in his autobiography:^[9]

In 1936, when my circulation and stomach rebelled...I called at Morell's private office. After a superficial examination, Morell prescribed for me his intestinal bacteria, dextrose, vitamins and hormone tablets. For safety's sake I afterward had a thorough examination by Professor von Bergmann, the specialist in internal medicine at Berlin University. I was not suffering from any organic trouble, he concluded, but only from nervous symptoms caused by overwork.

I slowed down my pace as best I could and the symptoms abated. To avoid offending Hitler I pretended that I was carefully following Morell's instructions, and since my health improved, I became for a time Morell's showpiece. – Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (1969)

When Hitler was troubled with grogginess in the morning, Morell would inject him with a solution of water mixed with a substance from several small, gold-foiled packets, which he called "Vitamultin". Hitler would arise, refreshed and invigorated. Hitler gave a packet to Himmler, who immediately became suspicious and instead secretly ordered one of his SS physicians, Ernst-Günther Schenck, to have it tested in a laboratory. It was found to contain methamphetamine. On at least one occasion, Hitler ordered his private train stopped so that Morell could inject him without worrying about the train jostling.

Speer characterised Morell as an opportunist, who once he achieved status as Hitler's physician, became extremely careless and lazy in his work. By 1944, Morell developed a hostile rivalry with Dr. Karl Brandt, who had been attending Hitler since 1934. Though criticized by Brandt and other physicians, Morell was always "restored to favor".^[10]

Morell was not popular with Hitler's entourage, who complained about the doctor's gross table manners, poor hygiene and body odor. Hitler is said to have responded "I do not employ him for his fragrance, but to look after my health."^[11]Hermann Göring called Morell Der Reichsspritzenmeister, ("Reich Master of Injections"), and variations on that theme,^[12][13] implying that Morell resorted to using drug injections when faced with medical problems, and overused them.

Substances administered to Hitler

Morell kept a medical diary of the drugs, tonics, vitamins and other substances he administered to Hitler, usually by injection (up to 20 times per day) or in pill form. Most were commercial preparations, some were Morell's own mixes. Since some of these compounds are considered toxic, historians have speculated that Morell inadvertently contributed to Hitler's deteriorating health. The fragmentary list (below) of some 74 substances (in 28 different mixtures)^[14] administered to Hitler include psychoactive drugs such as heroin as well as commercial poisons. Among the compounds, in alphabetical order, were:^[7]

1. 
   Atropa belladonna (2–4 pills with every meal, for a total of 8-16 tablets a day,^[15] in Doktor Koster's Antigaspills,^[16] a compound also containing strychnine)^[17]
   


2. 
   atropine (extract of seminal vesicles)^[16]
   


3. 
   Brom-Nervacit (bromide, since August 1941 a spoonful almost every night, to counteract stimulation from methamphetamine and permit sleep)^[7]
   


4. caffeine


5. chamomile


6. 
   cocaine and adrenaline (via eyedrops)^[18]
   


7. 
   E. coli ^[19]
   


8. enzymes


9. 
   Eukodal or Eukodol (trade name for oxycodone)^[20]
   


10. 
    Eupaverinum (papaverine, antispasmotic)^[7]
    


11. 
    Glyconorm (metformin) ^[7]
    


12. 
    Methamphetamine (as Pervitin and Vitamultin)^[7][16]
    


13. morphine


14. 
    Mutaflor (pills prescribed to Hitler for flatulence in 1936, the first unorthodox drug treatment from Morell; bacteria extracted from human faeces, see: E. coli)^[19]
    


15. oxedrine tartrate


16. potassium bromide


17. prophenazone (a derivative of Phenazone)


18. 
    proteins and lipids derived from animal tissues and fats
    


19. sodium barbitone


20. 
    strychnine^[17]
    


21. sulfonamide


22. testosterone


23. vitamins

An almost complete listing of the drugs used by Morell, wrote historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, was compiled after the war from his own meticulous daily records unlikely to have been exaggerated.^[14]

World War II

In 1939, Morell inadvertently became involved with the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak president, Emil Hacha, became so scared at Hitler's outburst that he fainted. Morell injected stimulants into Hacha to wake him, and although he claimed these were only vitamins, they may have included methamphetamine. Hacha soon gave in to Hitler's demands.

When Reinhard Heydrich, who was serving as Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia – the rump left of Czechoslovakia after Hitler's annexation of the Sudetenland – was the victim of an assassination attempt in May 1942, Morell was one of the doctors brought in by Heinrich Himmler to treat the badly-wounded SS man. Despite this, gangrene set in, and Heydrich died a week later.^[21]

After the 20 July 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler, Morell treated him with topical penicillin, which had only recently been introduced into testing by the U.S. Army. Where he acquired it is unknown, and Morell claimed complete ignorance of penicillin when he was interrogated by American intelligence officers after the war. When members of Hitler's inner circle were interviewed for the book The Bunker, some claimed Morell owned a significant share in a company fraudulently marketing a product as penicillin.^[13]

When Hitler developed jaundice in September 1944, Dr. Erwin Geising – an ear, nose and throat specialist who had originally been brought in to treat the dictator after the damage done to his eardrums from the bomb explosion of the 20 July plot – began to be suspicious of Morell's treatment of Hitler. Suspecting that he knew the cause of the jaundice, Geising deliberately dosed himself with some of the "Dr. Koester's Anti-Gas Pills" which Morell had Hitler taking in large numbers every day, and found that they had effects that were mildly harmful. Having them analyzed, he found they contained strychnine and belladonna, the strychnine being the cause of the jaundice. Geising reported his results to two of Hitler's other doctors, Karl Brandt and Hanskarl von Hasselbach, who in turn told other member of Hitler's retinue. When word of this came to Hitler, he was furious. Declaring that he had total faith in Morell and his treatments, he dismissed all three doctors – Geising, Brandt and Hasselbach – even though the latter two had been with him since his early days in power.^[22][23][24] Several months later, Brandt was imprisoned and condemned to death at the Nuremberg trials.^[25][26]

By April 1945, Hitler was taking many pills a day, along with numerous injections. The personal notes of Morell describe how he treated Hitler over the years, including notations such as, "injection as always", and, "Eukodal", which is a strong opiate equivalent of Oxycodone.^[20]

Morell was one of the occupants of the Führerbunker, located in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, once Hitler and his entourage relocated there from the Wolf's Lair in Rastenburg in East Prussian. As the Battle of Berlin progressed and the outlook became dire, it was Morell who provided the cyanide capsules which Eva Braun would later use to kill herself, and which Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda used to murder their six children before killing themselves.^[27]

On 20 April 1945, Morell, Albert Bormann, Admiral Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer, Dr. Hugo Blaschke, secretaries Johanna Wolf, Christa Schroeder, and several others were ordered by Hitler to leave the bunker and Berlin by aircraft for the Obersalzberg.^[28] Hitler told Morell he did not need any more medical help, although he continued to take many of the medications Morell had prescribed for him;^[29] during the last week of Hitler's life, it was administered by Dr. Werner Haase and by Heinz Linge, Hitler's valet.^[30] The group flew out of Berlin on different flights by aircraft of the Fliegerstaffel des Führers over the following three days. Morell was on the flight which left Berlin on 23 April.^[28]

Final years and death

Morell was captured by American forces and interrogated on 18 May 1945.^[1] One of his interrogators was reportedly "disgusted" by his obesity and lack of hygiene. Although he was held in an American internment camp on the site of the former Buchenwald concentration camp, and questioned because of his proximity to Hitler, Morell was never charged with a crime. Grossly obese and suffering from poor health, he died in a Tegernsee hospital on 26 May 1948.^[1]

See also

• Adolf Hitler's health


• People referred to as "Doctor Feelgood"

References

Notes

Bibliography

• 
  Bullock, Alan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (rev. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-131123-5.
  


• 
  Bullock, Alan (1992). Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-58601-8.
  


• Doyle, D. (2005), Adolf Hitler's Medical Care (PDF), "Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh", 35, pp. 75–82.


• 
  Fest, Joachim C. (1973). Hitler. Translated by Winston, Richard and Clara. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-394-72023-7.
  


• 
  Irving, David (1991). Hitler's War and the War Path. Focal Point. ISBN 1872197108 – via Google Books.
  


• 
  Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
  


• 
  Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 1936-1945 Nemesis. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-04994-9.
  


• 
  O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.
  


• 
  Reuth, Ralf Georg (1993) [1990]. Goebbels. Translated by Winston, Krishna. New York: Harcourt Brace. ISBN 0-15-136076-6.
  


• 
  Schramm, Percy Ernst (1978) "The Anatomy of a Dictator" in Hitler: The Man and the Military Leader. Detwiler, Donald S., ed. Malabar, Florida: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Company.
  ISBN 0-89874-962-X; originally published as the introduction to Picker, Henry (1963) Hitlers Tischgespräche im Führerhauptquarter ("Hitler's Table Talk")


• 
  Sereny, Gitta (1995). Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-52915-4.
  


• 
  Snyder, Louis (1994) [1976]. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-1-56924-917-8.
  


• 
  Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2012). The Last Days of Hitler. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0330470272 – via Google Books.
  

External links

• 
  Quotations related to Theodor Morell at Wikiquote