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A cover-up is an attempt, whether successful or not, to conceal evidence of wrongdoing, error, incompetence or other embarrassing information. In a passive cover-up, information is simply not provided; in an active cover-up, deception is used.

The expression is usually applied to people in positions of authority who abuse power to avoid or silence criticism or to deflect guilt of wrongdoing. Perpetrators of a cover-up (initiators or their allies) may be responsible for a misdeed, a breach of trust or duty, or a crime.

While the terms are often used interchangeably, cover-up involves withholding incriminatory evidence, while whitewash involves releasing misleading evidence. See also misprision.

Modern usage

"An ostrich only thinks he 'covers up'."

When a scandal breaks, the discovery of an attempt to cover up is often regarded as even more reprehensible than the original deeds.

The mildest case, not quite a cover-up, is simply to release news which could be embarrassing but is not important enough to guarantee attention, at a time when other news is dominating the headlines, or immediately before a holiday or weekend.

Initially a cover-up may require little effort; it will be carried out by those closely involved with the misdeed. Once some hint of the hidden matter starts to become known, the cover-up gradually draws all the top leadership, at least, of an organization into complicity in covering up a misdeed or even crime that may have originally been committed by a few of its members acting independently. This may be regarded as tacit approval of that behaviour.^{[citation needed]}

It is likely that some cover-ups are successful, although by definition this cannot be confirmed. Many fail, however, as more and more people are drawn in and the possibility of exposure makes potential accomplices fearful of supporting the cover-up and as loose ends that may never normally have been noticed start to stand out. As it spreads, the cover-up itself creates yet more suspicious circumstances.

The original misdeed being covered may be relatively minor, such as the "third-rate burglary" which started the Watergate scandal, but the cover-up adds so many additional crimes (obstruction of justice, perjury, payoffs and bribes, in some cases suspicious suicides or outright murder) that the cover-up becomes much more serious than the original crime.

Cover-ups do not necessarily require the active manipulation of facts or circumstances. Arguably the most common form of cover-up is one of non-action. It is the conscious failure to release incriminating information by a third party. This "passive cover-up" is often justified by the motive of not wanting to embarrass the culprit or expose them to criminal prosecution or even the belief that the cover-up is justified by protecting the greater community from scandal. Yet, because of the passive cover-up, the misdeed often goes undiscovered and results in harm to others ensuing from its failure to be discovered.
Real cover-ups are common enough, but any event which is not completely clear is likely to give rise to a thicket of conspiracy theories alleging covering up of sometimes the weirdest and most unlikely conspiracies.

"Snowjob" is an American and Canadian^[1] colloquialism for a deception or a cover-up; for example, Helen Gahagan Douglas described the Nixon Administration as "the greatest snow job in history".^[2]

Typology

Old Thirty Nine shaking hands with his good brother the Pope of Italy, or covering up versus sealing up the Bible, 1819 by George Cruikshank. ("39 articles" refers to the Church of England)

The following list is considered to be a typology^[3] since those who engage in cover-ups tend to use many of the same methods of hiding the truth and defending themselves. This list was compiled from famous cover-ups such as Watergate Scandal, Iran-Contra Affair, My Lai Massacre, Pentagon Papers, the cover-up of corruption in New York City under Boss Tweed (William M. Tweed and Tammany Hall) in the late 1800s,^[4] and the tobacco industry coverup of the health hazards of smoking.^[5] The methods in actual cover-ups tend to follow the general order of the list below.

Initial response to allegation

1. Flat denial
   


2. Convince the media to bury the story


3. Preemptively distribute false information


4. Claim that the "problem" is minimal
   


5. Claim faulty memory


6. Claim the accusations are half-truths
   


7. Claim the critic has no proof


8. Attack the critic's motive


9. Attack the critic's character

Withhold or tamper with evidence

1. Prevent the discovery of evidence


2. Destroy or alter the evidence


3. Make discovery of evidence difficult


4. Create misleading names of individuals and companies to hide funding


5. Lie or commit perjury
   


6. Block or delay investigations


7. Issue restraining orders


8. Claim executive privilege

Delayed response to allegation

1. Deny a restricted definition of wrongdoing (e.g. torture)


2. 
   Limited hang out ^[6](i.e., confess to minor charges)


3. Use biased evidence as a defense


4. Claim that the critic's evidence is biased


5. Select a biased blue ribbon commission or "independent" inquiry

Intimidate participants, witnesses or whistleblowers^[7]

1. Bribe or buy out the critic


2. Generally intimidate the critic by following him or her, killing pets, etc.


3. 
   Blackmail: hire private investigators and threaten to reveal past wrongdoing ("dirt")


4. Death threats of the critic or his or her family


5. Threaten the critic with loss of job or future employment in industry


6. Transfer the critic to an inferior job or location


7. Intimidate the critic with lawsuits or SLAPP suits
   


8. Murder; assassination

Publicity management

1. 
   Bribe the press


2. Secretly plant stories in the press


3. Retaliate against hostile media


4. Threaten the press with loss of access


5. Attack the motives of the press


6. Place defensive advertisements


7. Buy out the news source

Damage control

1. Claim no knowledge of wrongdoing


2. 
   Scapegoats: blame an underling for unauthorized action


3. Fire the person(s) in charge

Win court cases

1. Hire the best lawyers


2. Hire scientists and expert witnesses who will support your story


3. Delay with legal maneuvers


4. Influence or control the judges

Reward cover-up participants

1. Hush money


2. Little or no punishment


3. Pardon or commute sentences


4. Promote employees as a reward for cover-up


5. Reemploy the employee after dust clears

Examples

Front page of the newspaper L’Aurore of Thursday 13 January 1898, with the famous open letter J'Accuse…! written by Émile Zola to the President of France about the Dreyfus Affair. The headline reads "I accuse! Letter to the President of the Republic". See J'accuse...!, the whole text on Wikisource

• The Dreyfus Affair.^[8]
  


• The Iran–Contra affair.^[9]
  


• The Luzhniki disaster.^[10]
  


• The My Lai Massacre.^[11]
  


• The Roman Catholic sex abuse cases of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.^[12]
  


• The Watergate scandal.^[13]
  


• The Russian doping scandal.^[14]
  

Alleged cover-ups

Conspiracies to cover up the facts of a number of prominent events have been alleged in the following cases:

• 
  John F. Kennedy assassination^[15][16][17]
  


• Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternate theories


• 
  M/S Estonia^[18]
  


• 
  New World Order^[19]
  


• 
  Pusztai affair^[20]
  


• 
  Roswell UFO incident^[21]
  


• 
  11 September 2001, terrorist attacks^[22]
  


• 
  Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi^[23]
  


• 
  UFOs in general^[24]
  


• 
  Mamasapano clash^[25]
  

See also

References

External links

• 
  The dictionary definition of cover-up at Wiktionary


• 
  Media related to Concealment at Wikimedia Commons