36th United States Congress
36th United States Congress | |
---|---|
35th ← → 37th | |
United States Capitol (1860) | |
March 4, 1859 – March 4, 1861 | |
Senate President | John C. Breckinridge (D) |
Senate President pro tem | Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) Jesse D. Bright (D) Solomon Foot (R) |
House Speaker | William Pennington (R) |
Members | 66 senators 238 members of the House 5 non-voting delegates |
Senate Majority | Democratic Party Republican Party |
House Majority | Republican-led coalition |
Sessions | |
Special: March 4, 1859 – March 10, 1859 1st: December 5, 1859 – June 26, 1860 Special: June 26, 1860 – June 28, 1860 2nd: December 3, 1860 – March 4, 1861 |
The Thirty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1859, to March 4, 1861, during the third and fourth years of James Buchanan's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Seventh Census of the United States in 1850. The Senate had a Democratic majority, and the House had a Republican plurality.
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Contents
1 Major events
2 Major legislation
3 Constitutional amendments
4 Treaties
5 States admitted and territories organized
6 Party summary
6.1 Senate
6.2 House of Representatives
7 Leadership
7.1 Senate
7.2 House of Representatives
8 Members
8.1 Senate
8.1.1 Alabama
8.1.2 Arkansas
8.1.3 California
8.1.4 Connecticut
8.1.5 Delaware
8.1.6 Florida
8.1.7 Georgia
8.1.8 Illinois
8.1.9 Indiana
8.1.10 Iowa
8.1.11 Kansas
8.1.12 Kentucky
8.1.13 Louisiana
8.1.14 Maine
8.1.15 Maryland
8.1.16 Massachusetts
8.1.17 Michigan
8.1.18 Minnesota
8.1.19 Mississippi
8.1.20 Missouri
8.1.21 New Hampshire
8.1.22 New Jersey
8.1.23 New York
8.1.24 North Carolina
8.1.25 Ohio
8.1.26 Oregon
8.1.27 Pennsylvania
8.1.28 Rhode Island
8.1.29 South Carolina
8.1.30 Tennessee
8.1.31 Texas
8.1.32 Vermont
8.1.33 Virginia
8.1.34 Wisconsin
8.2 House of Representatives
8.2.1 Alabama
8.2.2 Arkansas
8.2.3 California
8.2.4 Connecticut
8.2.5 Delaware
8.2.6 Florida
8.2.7 Georgia
8.2.8 Illinois
8.2.9 Indiana
8.2.10 Iowa
8.2.11 Kansas
8.2.12 Kentucky
8.2.13 Louisiana
8.2.14 Maine
8.2.15 Maryland
8.2.16 Massachusetts
8.2.17 Michigan
8.2.18 Minnesota
8.2.19 Mississippi
8.2.20 Missouri
8.2.21 New Hampshire
8.2.22 New Jersey
8.2.23 New York
8.2.24 North Carolina
8.2.25 Ohio
8.2.26 Oregon
8.2.27 Pennsylvania
8.2.28 Rhode Island
8.2.29 South Carolina
8.2.30 Tennessee
8.2.31 Texas
8.2.32 Vermont
8.2.33 Virginia
8.2.34 Wisconsin
8.2.35 Non-voting members
9 Changes in membership
9.1 Senate
9.2 House of Representatives
10 Committees
10.1 Senate
10.2 House of Representatives
10.3 Joint committees
11 Caucuses
12 Employees
12.1 Senate
12.2 House of Representatives
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 External links
Major events
- June 8, 1859: Comstock Lode discovered in the western Utah Territory (present-day Nevada)
- August 27, 1859: First oil well was drilled in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania
- October 16–18, 1859: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry began
- December 2, 1859 John Brown executed.
- April 3, 1860: Pony Express began its first run
- April 23 – May 3, 1860: Democratic National Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina.[1] Unable to agree on a nominee, the delegates voted to reconvene in June.[2]
- May 9, 1860: Constitutional Union Party National Convention held in Baltimore, Maryland, nominating John Bell for President.[3]
- May 18, 1860: Republican National Convention held in Chicago, Illinois, nominating Abraham Lincoln for President.
- June 18–23, 1860: Democratic Party reconvened in Baltimore, Maryland, nominating Stephen A. Douglas for President.[2]
- June 26–28, 1860: Southern Democrats held a convention in Richmond, Virginia, nominating John C. Breckinridge for President.[2]
- November 6, 1860: U.S. presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beat John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell.
- December 20, 1860: South Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[4][5]
- January 3, 1861: Delaware Secession Convention voted not to secede from the Union[6]
- January 9, 1861: Mississippi Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[7][5]
- January 10, 1861: Florida Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[8][5]
- January 11, 1861: Alabama Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[9][5]
- January 18, 1861: Georgia Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[10][5]
- January 26, 1861: Louisiana Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[11][5]
- January 29, 1861. Kansas admitted to the Union as a free state.
- February 1, 1861: Texas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession[12][5]
- February 23, 1861: The people of Texas ratified its Ordinance of Secession[12] President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington, D.C. after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
Major legislation
- June 16, 1860: Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860, ch. 147, 12 Stat. 41
- March 2, 1861: Morrill Tariff, ch. 68, 12 Stat. 178
- December 18, 1860 (introduced): Crittenden Compromise, rejected by the House of Representatives and the Senate
Constitutional amendments
- March 2, 1861: Approved an amendment to the United States Constitution that would shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification 12 Stat. 251
- This amendment, commonly known as the Corwin Amendment, has not been ratified and is still pending before the states.
Treaties
- March 8, 1859: Quinault Treaty ratified, 12 Stat. 927
- March 8, 1859: Point No Point Treaty ratified, 12 Stat. 933
States admitted and territories organized
- January 29, 1861: Kansas admitted as a state, ch. 20, 12 Stat. 126
- February 28, 1861: Colorado Territory organized, ch. 59, 12 Stat. 172
- March 2, 1861: Nevada Territory organized, ch. 83, 12 Stat. 209
- March 2, 1861: Dakota Territory organized, ch. 86, 12 Stat. 239
Party summary
Senate
Party (shading shows control) | Total | Vacant | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American (A) | Democratic (D) | Republican (R) | Other | |||
End of the previous congress | 19 | 25 | 22 | 0 | 66 | 0 |
Begin | 2 | 38 | 25 | 0 | 65 | 1 |
End | 25 | 26 | 53 | 15 | ||
Final voting share | 7000380000000000000♠3.8% | 7001472000000000000♠47.2% | 7001491000000000000♠49.1% | 5000000000000000000♠0.0% | ||
Beginning of the next congress | 0 | 22 | 29 | 1 (Unionist) | 52 | 16 |
House of Representatives
Affiliation | Party (Shading indicates plurality, then majority, caucus) | Total | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American (A) | Democratic (D) | Anti-Lecompton Democratic (ALD) | Independent Democratic (ID) | Republican (R) | Opposition (O) | Other | Vacant | ||
End of previous Congress | 14 | 130 | 0 | 1 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 237 | 0 |
Begin | 6 | 84 | 8 | 7 | 113 | 17 | 0 | 235 | 2 |
End | 5 | 58 | 7 | 116 | 16 | 209 | 29 | ||
Final voting share | 2.4% | 27.8% | 3.3% | 3.3% | 55.5% | 7.7% | 0.0% | ||
Beginning of next Congress | 0 | 44 | 0 | 1 | 108 | 0 | (Unionist + Constitutional Unionist) 25 | 178 | 62 |
Leadership
Senate
President: John C. Breckinridge (D)
President pro tempore: Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), until February 26, 1860
Jesse D. Bright (D), June 12–13, 1860
Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), June 26, 1860 – December 2, 1860
Solomon Foot (R), elected February 16, 1861
House of Representatives
Speaker: William Pennington (R), elected February 1, 1860
Democratic Caucus Chairman: George S. Houston
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district.
- Skip to House of Representatives, below
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1862; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1864; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1860.
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House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
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Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
- Replacements: 4
Democrats (D): no net change
Republicans (R): no net change
- Deaths: 1
- Resignations: 1
- Interim appointments: 1
- Withdrawals: 13
- Total seats with changes: 16
State (class) | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oregon (2) | Vacant | Successor elected late due to legislature's failure to elect. | Edward D. Baker (R) | October 2, 1860 |
California (1) | David C. Broderick (D) | Died September 16, 1859 Interim successor was appointed to continue the term. | Henry P. Haun (D) | November 3, 1859 |
Texas (1) | Matthias Ward (D) | Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term Successor elected December 5, 1859. | Louis Wigfall (D) | December 5, 1859 |
California (1) | Henry P. Haun (D) | Interim appointee lost election to finish the term Successor elected March 5, 1860. | Milton Latham (D) | March 5, 1860 |
South Carolina (2) | James Chesnut, Jr. (D) | Withdrew November 10, 1860. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
South Carolina (3) | James H. Hammond (D) | Withdrew November 11, 1860. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Mississippi (2) | Albert G. Brown (D) | Withdrew January 12, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Maine (1) | Hannibal Hamlin (R) | Resigned January 17, 1861, to become Vice President of the United States. Successor elected January 17, 1861. | Lot M. Morrill (R) | January 17, 1861 |
Alabama (3) | Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Alabama (2) | Clement C. Clay (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Florida (1) | Stephen Mallory (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Florida (3) | David L. Yulee (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Mississippi (1) | Jefferson Davis (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Georgia (3) | Alfred Iverson, Sr. (D) | Withdrew January 28, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Kansas (2) | New seat | New state admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 Senator was not elected until the next Congress. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Kansas (3) | New seat | New state admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 Senator was not elected until the next Congress. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Georgia (2) | Robert Toombs (D) | Withdrew February 4, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Louisiana (2) | Judah P. Benjamin (D) | Withdrew February 4, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Louisiana (3) | John Slidell (D) | Withdrew February 4, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
Tennessee (2) | Alfred O. P. Nicholson (D) | Withdrew March 3, 1861. | Vacant | Not filled this Congress |
House of Representatives
- Replacements: 7
Democrats (D): no net change
Republicans (R): 1 seat net loss
Anti-Lecompton Democrats (LD): 1 seat net gain
- Deaths: 4
- Resignations: 3
- Contested election: 1
- Withdrawals: 28
- Total seats with changes: 41
District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
---|---|---|---|---|
Illinois 6th | Vacant | Vacancy in term | John A. McClernand (D) | Seated November 8, 1859 |
Kentucky 5th | Vacant | Brown could not take seat because he had not yet attained age required by the US Constitution | John Y. Brown (D) | Seated December 3, 1860 |
Ohio 14th | Cyrus Spink (R) | Died May 31, 1859 | Harrison G. O. Blake (R) | Seated October 11, 1859 |
Virginia 4th | William Goode (D) | Died July 3, 1859 | Roger A. Pryor (D) | Seated December 7, 1859 |
Michigan 1st | George B. Cooper (D) | Lost contested election May 15, 1860 | Francis P. Blair, Jr. (R) | Seated May 15, 1860 |
Nebraska Territory At-large | Experience Estabrook | Lost contested election May 18, 1860 | Samuel G. Daily (R) | Seated May 18, 1860 |
New York 31st | Silas M. Burroughs (R) | Died June 3, 1860 | Edwin R. Reynolds (R) | Seated December 5, 1860 |
Missouri 1st | John R. Barret (D) | Lost contested election June 8, 1860 | William A. Howard (R) | Seated June 8, 1860 |
Pennsylvania 8th | John Schwartz (ALD) | Died June 20, 1860 | Jacob K. McKenty (D) | Seated December 3, 1860 |
Missouri 1st | William A. Howard (R) | Resigned June 25, 1860 | John R. Barret (R) | Seated December 3, 1860 |
Mississippi 1st | Lucius Q. C. Lamar II (D) | Retired December ???, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
South Carolina 3rd | Laurence M. Keitt (D) | Retired December ???, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
South Carolina 1st | John McQueen (D) | Retired December 21, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
South Carolina 2nd | William P. Miles (D) | Retired December 21, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
South Carolina 4th | Milledge L. Bonham (D) | Retired December 21, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
South Carolina 5th | John D. Ashmore (D) | Retired December 21, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
South Carolina 6th | William W. Boyce (D) | Retired December 21, 1860 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Maine 5th | Israel Washburn, Jr. (R) | Resigned January 1, 1861, after being elected Governor of Maine | Stephen Coburn (R) | Seated January 2, 1861 |
Mississippi 2nd | Reuben Davis (D) | Withdrew January 12, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Mississippi 3rd | William Barksdale (D) | Withdrew January 12, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Mississippi 4th | Otho R. Singleton (D) | Withdrew January 12, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Mississippi 5th | John J. McRae (D) | Withdrew January 12, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 1st | James A. Stallworth (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 1st | James A. Stallworth (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 2nd | James L. Pugh (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 3rd | David Clopton (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 4th | Sydenham Moore (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 5th | George S. Houston (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Alabama 7th | Jabez L. M. Curry (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Florida At-large | George S. Hawkins (D) | Withdrew January 21, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 1st | Peter E. Love (D) | Retired January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 2nd | Martin J. Crawford (D) | Withdrew January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 3rd | Thomas Hardeman, Jr. (O) | Withdrew January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 4th | Lucius J. Gartrell (D) | Retired January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 5th | John W. H. Underwood (D) | Withdrew January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 6th | James Jackson (D) | Retired January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 7th | Joshua Hill (KN) | Resigned January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Georgia 8th | John J. Jones (D) | Withdrew January 23, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Kansas Territory At-large | Marcus J. Parrott (R) | Kansas was admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 | Seat eliminated | |
Kansas At-large | New Seat | Kansas was admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 | Martin F. Conway (R) | Seated November 8, 1859 |
Alabama 6th | Williamson R. W. Cobb (D) | Withdrew January 30, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Louisiana 2nd | Miles Taylor (D) | Withdrew February 5, 1861 | Vacant | Not filled this term |
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
Alter and Improve Senate Chamber (Select)
Amendments to the Constitution (Select)- Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
Banks of the District of Columbia (Select)
Circulation of Bank Notes in the District of Columbia (Select)- Claims
- Commerce
Comptroller William Medill (Select)
Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)- District of Columbia
Duties of Imports (Select)- Finance
- Foreign Relations
French Spoilations (Select)
Harpers Ferry Invasion (Select)- Indian Affairs
- Judiciary
Memorial of Houmas Lands Settlers (Select)- Military Affairs
- Naval Affairs
Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
Pacific Railroad (Select)- Patents and the Patent Office
- Pensions
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Printing
Public Printing Investigation (Select)- Private Land Claims
- Public Lands
- Retrenchment
- Revolutionary Claims
Tariff Regulation (Select)- Territories
Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country (Select)- Whole
House of Representatives
- Accounts
- Agriculture
- Claims
- Commerce
- District of Columbia
- Elections
- Engraving
- Expenditures in the Interior Department
- Expenditures in the Navy Department
- Expenditures in the Post Office Department
- Expenditures in the State Department
- Expenditures in the Treasury Department
- Expenditures in the War Department
- Expenditures on Public Buildings
- Foreign Affairs
- Indian Affairs
- Invalid Pensions
- Manufactures
- Mileage
- Military Affairs
- Militia
- Naval Affairs
- Patents
- Post Office and Post Roads
- Public Buildings and Grounds
- Public Expenditures
- Public Lands
- Revisal and Unfinished Business
- Revolutionary Claims
- Roads and Canals
Rules (Select)- Standards of Official Conduct
- Territories
- Ways and Means
- Whole
Joint committees
- Enrolled Bills
- Making Arrangements for Inaugurating Washington's Statue
Caucuses
Democratic (House)
Democratic (Senate)
Employees
Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter
Librarian of Congress: John Silva Meehan
Senate
Chaplain: Stephen P. Hill (Baptist)
Phineas D. Gurley (Presbyterian), elected December 15, 1859
Secretary: Asbury Dickens
Sergeant at Arms: Dunning R. McNair
House of Representatives
Clerk: James C. Allen
John W. Forney, elected February 3, 1860
Chaplain: William H. Milburn (Methodist)
Doorkeeper: George Marston
Messenger: Thaddeus Morrice
Postmaster: Josiah M. Lucas
Reading Clerks: [Data unknown/missing.]
Sergeant at Arms: Henry William Hoffman
See also
United States elections, 1858 (elections leading to this Congress)
- United States Senate elections, 1858 and 1859
- United States House of Representatives elections, 1858 and 1859
United States elections, 1860 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
- United States presidential election, 1860
- United States Senate elections, 1860 and 1861
- United States House of Representatives elections, 1860
Notes
^ "1860 Democratic Convention Number 1 - Charleston, South Carolina". Usgovinfo.about.com. June 19, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ abc "1860 Democratic National Convention". Blueandgraytrail.com. August 19, 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Constitutional Union party Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Constitutional Union party". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2002. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ abcdefg
Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
^ "The Delaware Legislature.; Reception Of The Secession Commissioner From Mississippi". The New York Times. January 4, 1861.
^ "Ordinance of Secession of Mississippi". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Ordinance of Secession of Florida". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Ordinance of Secession of Alabama". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Ordinance of Secession of Georgia". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ "Ordinance of Secession of Louisiana". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
^ ab "Ordinance of Secession of Texas". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
References
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Archived from the original on 2008-04-13. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
External links
- Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
- Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
- Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives: House History
- U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
Congressional Directory for the 36th Congress, 2nd Session.