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Contract killing is a form of murder in which one party hires another party (often called a hitman) to kill a target individual or group of people. It involves an illegal agreement between two or more parties in which one party agrees to kill the target in exchange for some form of payment, monetary or otherwise. Either party may be a person, group, or an organization. In the United States, the crime is punishable by 15 years to life in a state penitentiary. Contract killing has been associated with organized crime, government conspiracies, and vendettas. For example, in the United States, the gang Murder, Inc. committed hundreds of murders on behalf of the National Crime Syndicate during the 1930s and 1940s.

Contract killing provides the hiring party with the advantage of not having to commit the actual killing, making it more difficult for law enforcement to connect said party with the murder. The likelihood that authorities will establish that party's guilt for the committed crime, especially due to lack of forensic evidence linked to the contracting party, makes the case more difficult to attribute to the hiring party.

Statistics

A study by the Australian Institute of Criminology of 162 attempted or actual contract murders in Australia between 1989 and 2002 indicated that the most common reason for murder-for-hire was insurance policies payouts. The study also found that the average payment for a "hit" was $15,000 with variation from $5,000 up to $30,000 and that the most commonly used weapons were firearms. Contract killings accounted for 2% of murders in Australia during that time period.^[1]
Contract killings also make up a relatively similar percentage of all killings elsewhere. For example, they made up about 5% of all murders in Scotland from 1993 to 2002.^[2]

Notable cases

Perpetrators

Mad Dog Coll leaving court surrounded by police officers, 1931

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  Glennon Engleman, American dentist who moonlighted as a hitman


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  Christopher Dale Flannery, reputed Australian hitman


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  Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano, an underboss
  


• 
  Charles Harrelson, American hitman, father of actor Woody Harrelson
  


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  Richard Kuklinski, American contract killer, claims to have murdered over 200 men


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  Marinko Magda, Serbian hitman convicted for 11 murders, including a Hungarian family


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  Alexander Solonik, Russian hitman, known for carrying a firearm in each hand, who killed more than 30 Russian mafia bosses


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  Benjamin Siegel, a Jewish hitman who headed the Bugs and Meyer Mob and was a hitman for Murder, Inc.; Siegel was also the Italian mob's main hitman during Prohibition
  


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  Vincent Coll, an Irish-American hitman who worked for Dutch Schultz and Owney Madden
  


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  Giuseppe Greco, Sicilian hitman who killed at least 58 people during the Second Mafia War
  


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  Ray Ferritto, Italian American hitman and soldier for the Cleveland and Los Angeles crime families, best known for killing Danny Greene; later he became a government witness and testified against the mob

Victims

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  Li Fuguo, a Tang Dynasty eunuch killed by a hitman hired by Emperor Tang Daizong
  


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  Shiori Ino, a 21-year-old University student killed by hitman Yoshifumi Kubota, who served 18 years in prison for the killing. He was paid by her ex-boyfriend and his brother.


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  Grady Stiles, freak show performer whose family hired a hitman to kill him because of his abusiveness


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  Harry Greenberg, a Mafia associate of Charles "Lucky" Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and Siegel. He was killed by Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Albert Tannenbaum, and Frankie Carbo in 1939.


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  Joe Masseria, a Mafia boss murdered by Siegel, Vito Genovese, Albert Anastasia, and Joe Adonis in 1931


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  Salvatore Maranzano, a Castellammarese Mafia boss and rival to Masseria in the Castellammarese War who was killed by Siegel and several other men in 1931


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  Benjamin Siegel, Las Vegas mob boss and Flamingo Hotel owner, killed by unknown assailants in 1947


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  Dan Markel, an attorney and legal academic murdered in Tallahassee, Florida in 2014

Employers

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  Nicole Doucet Ryan attempted to hire an undercover Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer to kill her husband. After ruling that she could not use the defense of duress, the Supreme Court of Canada ordered she could not be retried.^[3]
  


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  Tim Lambesis, former vocalist of heavy metal bands As I Lay Dying, Austrian Death Machine and Pyrithion, who attempted to hire someone to murder his wife through a contact at his gym. The alleged "hitman" turned out to be a police officer masquerading as a hitman.^[4]
  


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  Silas Jayne, Chicago-area stable owner, was convicted in 1973 of hiring hitmen to murder his half-brother George.^[5]
  


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  Mike Danton, former NHL player, hired an undercover federal agent to kill his sports agent.


• Italian crime boss John Gotti hired hitmen to murder Paul Castellano outside of Sparks Steak House; the murder was carried out in December 1985.^[6]
  


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  Wanda Holloway: The Positively True Adventures of the Alleged Texas Cheerleader-Murdering Mom is based on Holloway's hiring a hitman to kill the mother of a girl competing with her daughter at cheerleading.


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  Lawrence Horn, record producer whose hiring of a hitman led to the case Rice v. Paladin Press
  


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  Charlotte Karin Lindström, Swedish waitress/model who attempted to hire a hitman to kill persons testifying against her boyfriend in a drug trial in Australia.


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  Pamela Smart of Derry, New Hampshire, who made national headlines in 1991 for hiring teenage lover Billy Flynn and his friends to murder her husband Gregory Smart.


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  Wallace Souza, Brazilian television presenter who was accused of hiring hitmen to murder at least five people in 2009 to increase his programme's ratings.


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  Ruthann Aron, convicted of hiring a hitman to kill her husband and a lawyer who had won a fraud case against her.


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  Charles "Lucky" Luciano, American Mafia and Luciano crime family boss. Ordered Siegel, Tannenbaum, Genovese, Buchalter, Carbo, and Krakower to murder Mustache Petes Joe Masseria and Sal Maranzano in 1931, and stool pigeon Harry Greenberg in 1939.


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  The Commission, American Mafia ruling body that ordered Siegel's murder in 1947.


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  Jennifer Pan, Canadian woman who hired three men to stage a home invasion in order to eliminate her parents in 2010.


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  Thomas Bartlett Whitaker, American man who hired people to attack his parents and brother in a home invasion in 2003.

In fiction

Fictional cases of contract killing or "hitmen" are depicted in a range of popular fiction genres in the 20th and 21st century, including films, comic books and video games, one most notably being the video game series Hitman, where the player controls a hired gun simply known as Agent 47.

See also

• Attempt


• Assassination


• Espionage


• FBI


• Federal crime in the United States


• Mercenary


• Murder, Inc.


• Organized crime


• People v. Superior Court (Decker)


• Private military company


• Wetwork

References

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  Nothing Personal, a television documentary series that focuses on stories of contract killings.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Targeted killing.

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  Murder-for-Hire: Web Hits of a Deadly Kind (FBI)