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Introduction

In mathematics, equivariant topology is the study of topological spaces that possess certain symmetries. In studying topological spaces, one often considers continuous maps f:X→Y{displaystyle f:Xto Y}, and while equivariant topology also considers such maps, there is the additional constraint that each map "respects symmetry" in both its domain and target space.

The notion of symmetry is usually captured by considering a Group action of G{displaystyle G} on X{displaystyle X} and Y{displaystyle Y} and demanding that f{displaystyle f} is equivariant under this action, so that f(g⋅x)=g⋅f(x){displaystyle f(gcdot x)=gcdot f(x)} for all x∈X{displaystyle xin X}, a property usually denoted by f:X→GY{displaystyle f:Xto _{G}Y} . Heuristically speaking, standard topology views two spaces as equivalent "up to deformation," but equivariant topology considers spaces equivalent up to deformation so long as it pays attention to any symmetry possessed by both spaces. A famous theorem of equivariant topology is the Borsuk–Ulam theorem , which asserts that every Z2{displaystyle mathbf {Z} _{2}}-equivariant map f:Sn→Rn{displaystyle f:S^{n}to mathbb {R} ^{n}} necessarily vanishes.

Induced G{displaystyle G}-bundles

An important construction used in Equivariant cohomology and other applications includes a naturally occurring group bundle ( see Principal bundle for details.)

Let us first consider the case where G{displaystyle G} acts freely on X{displaystyle X}. Then, given a G{displaystyle G}-equivariant map f:X→GY{displaystyle f:Xto _{G}Y}, we obtain sections sf:X/G→(X×Y)/G{displaystyle s_{f}:X/Gto (Xtimes Y)/G} given by [x]↦[x,f(x)]{displaystyle [x]mapsto [x,f(x)]},

where X×Y{displaystyle Xtimes Y} gets the diagonal action, g(x,y)=(gx,gy){displaystyle g(x,y)=(gx,gy)} and the bundle is p:(X×Y)/G→X/G{displaystyle p:(Xtimes Y)/Gto X/G}, with fiber Y{displaystyle Y} and projection given by p([x,y])=[x]{displaystyle p([x,y])=[x]}. Often, the total space is written X×GY{displaystyle Xtimes _{G}Y}

More generally, the assignment sf{displaystyle s_{f}} actually does not map to (X×Y)/G{displaystyle (Xtimes Y)/G} generally. Since f{displaystyle f} is equivariant, if g∈Gx{displaystyle gin G_{x}}(the isotropy subgroup), then by equivariance, we have that g⋅f(x)=f(g⋅x)=f(x){displaystyle gcdot f(x)=f(gcdot x)=f(x)}, so in fact f{displaystyle f} will map to the collection of {[x,y]∈(X×Y)/G∣Gx⊂Gy}{displaystyle {[x,y]in (Xtimes Y)/Gmid G_{x}subset G_{y}}}. In this case, one can replace the bundle by a homotopy quotient where G{displaystyle G} acts freely and is bundle homotopic to the induced bundle on X{displaystyle X} by f{displaystyle f}.

Applications To Discrete Geometry

In the same way that one can deduce the Ham sandwich theorem from the Borsuk-Ulam Theorem, one can find many applications of equivariant topology to problems of discrete geometry.^[1][2] This is accomplished by using the Configuration-Space Test-Map paradigm:

Given a geometric problem P{displaystyle P}, we define the configuration space, X{displaystyle X}, which parametrizes all associated solutions to the problem (such as points, lines, or arcs.) Additionally, we consider a test space Z⊂V{displaystyle Zsubset V} and a map f:X→V{displaystyle f:Xto V} where p∈X{displaystyle pin X} is a solution to a problem if and only if f(p)∈Z{displaystyle f(p)in Z}. Finally, it is usual to consider natural symmetries in a discrete problem by some group G{displaystyle G} that acts on X{displaystyle X} and V{displaystyle V} so that f{displaystyle f} is equivariant under these actions. The problem is solved if we can show the nonexistence of an equivariant map f:X→V∖Z{displaystyle f:Xto Vsetminus Z}.

Obstructions to the existence of such maps are often formulated algebraically from the topological data of X{displaystyle X} and V∖Z{displaystyle Vsetminus Z}.^[3] An archetypal example of such an obstruction can be derived having V{displaystyle V} a vector space and Z={0}{displaystyle Z={0}}. In this case, a nonvanishing map would also induce a nonvanishing section sf:x↦[x,f(x)]{displaystyle s_{f}:xmapsto [x,f(x)]} from the discussion above, so ωn(X×GY){displaystyle omega _{n}(Xtimes _{G}Y)}, the top Stiefel–Whitney class would need to vanish.

Examples

• The identity map i:X→X{displaystyle i:Xto X} will always be equivariant.


• If we let Z2{displaystyle mathbf {Z} _{2}} act antipodally on the unit circle, then z↦z3{displaystyle zmapsto z^{3}}is equivariant, since it is an odd function.


• Any map h:X→X/G{displaystyle h:Xto X/G} is equivariant when G{displaystyle G} acts trivially on the quotient, since f(g⋅x)=f(x){displaystyle f(gcdot x)=f(x)} for all x{displaystyle x}.

See also

• Equivariant cohomology


• Mackey functor


• Equivariant stable homotopy theory


• G-spectrum

References