Grand National Assembly of Turkey





























































Grand National Assembly of Turkey

Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi

27th Parliament of Turkey
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type

Unicameral
Leadership
Speaker

Mustafa Şentop (AKP)
since 24 February 2019
Deputy Speakers

Süreyya Sadi Bilgiç (AKP)
since 24 February 2019
Levent Gök (CHP)
Mithat Sancar (HDP)
Celal Adan (MHP)
since 12 July 2018
Leader of the House

Naci Bostancı (AKP)
since 7 July 2018
Leader of the Opposition

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (CHP)
since 22 May 2010
Structure
Seats 600
Parliament of Turkey 2018 Current.svg
Political groups

Government (Minority Government) (291)

  •      AKP (291)

Confidence and supply (50)




  •      MHP (49)


  •      BBP (1)[a]


Opposition (254)




  •      CHP (142)


  •      HDP (65)


  •      İYİ (39)


  •      SP (2)[b]


  •      TİP [tr] (2)


  •      DP (1)[c]


  •      Independents (3)


Vacant (5)



  •      Vacants (5)

Elections
Voting system

Party-list proportional representation
D'Hondt method
Last election
24 June 2018
Next election
June 2023 or earlier
Meeting place
Grand National Assembly of Turkey.jpg
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Bakanlıklar
Ankara, 06543
Turkey
Website
Grand National Assembly of Turkey

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament (Turkish: Meclis or Parlamento), is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 in the midst of the National Campaign. The parliament was fundamental in the efforts of Mareşal Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1st President of the Republic of Turkey, and his colleagues to found a new state out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire.




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Parliamentary practice before the Republican era


      • 1.1.1 Ottoman Empire


      • 1.1.2 Establishment of the national Parliament


      • 1.1.3 Transition to Ankara




    • 1.2 Republican era


      • 1.2.1 1923–1945


      • 1.2.2 1945–1960


      • 1.2.3 1960–1980


      • 1.2.4 1980–2018


      • 1.2.5 2018–present






  • 2 Composition


    • 2.1 Speaker of the parliament


    • 2.2 Members (since 1999)


    • 2.3 Parliamentary groups


    • 2.4 Committees


      • 2.4.1 Specialized committees


      • 2.4.2 Parliamentary research committees


      • 2.4.3 Parliamentary investigation committees


      • 2.4.4 International committees






  • 3 Current composition


    • 3.1 Changes since June 2018


    • 3.2 Latest election results




  • 4 Parliament Building


  • 5 Picture gallery


  • 6 See also


  • 7 List of Notes


    • 7.1 Notes


    • 7.2 Notes




  • 8 References


  • 9 External links





History






























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Turkey has had a history of parliamentary government before the establishment of the current national parliament. These include attempts at curbing absolute monarchy during the Ottoman Empire through constitutional monarchy, as well as establishments of caretaker national assemblies immediately prior to the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 but after the de facto dissolution of the Ottoman Empire earlier in the decade.



Parliamentary practice before the Republican era



Ottoman Empire



There were two parliamentary governments during the Ottoman period in what is now Turkey. The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years, elections being held only twice. After the first elections, there were a number of criticisms of the government due to the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 by the representatives, and the assembly was dissolved and an election called on 28 June 1877. The second assembly was also dissolved by the sultan Abdul Hamid II on 14 February 1878, the result being the return of absolute monarchy with Abdul Hamid II in power and the suspension of the Ottoman constitution of 1876, which had come with the democratic reforms resulting in the first constitutional era.


The Second Constitutional Era is considered to have begun on 23 July 1908. The constitution that was written for the first parliament included control of the sultan on the public and was removed during 1909, 1912, 1914 and 1916, in a session known as the "declaration of freedom". Most of the modern parliamentary rights that were not granted in the first constitution were granted, such as the abolition of the right of the Sultan to deport citizens that were claimed to have committed harmful activities, the establishment of a free press, a ban on censorship. Freedom to hold meetings and establish political parties was recognized, and the government was held responsible to the assembly, not to the sultan.


During the two constitutional eras of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman parliament was called the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire and was bicameral. The upper house was the Senate of the Ottoman Empire, the members of which were selected by the sultan. The role of the Grand Vizier, the centuries-old top ministerial office in the empire, transformed in line with other European states into one identical to the office of a Prime Minister, as well as that of the speaker of the Senate. The lower chamber of the General Assembly was the Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire, the members of which were elected by the general public.



Establishment of the national Parliament



After World War I, the victorious Allied Powers sought the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire through the Treaty of Sèvres.[1] The political existence of the Turkish nation was to be completely eliminated under these plans, except for a small region. Nationalist Turkish sentiment rose in the Anatolian peninsula, engendering the establishment of the Turkish national movement. The political developments during this period have made a lasting impact which continues to affect the character of the Turkish nation. During the Turkish War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal put forth the notion that there would be only one way for the liberation of the Turkish people in the aftermath of World War I, namely, through the creation of an independent, sovereign Turkish state. The Sultanate was abolished by the newly founded parliament in 1922, paving the way for the formal proclamation of the republic that was to come on 29 October 1923.



Transition to Ankara






Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was the first speaker of the Grand National Assembly.


Mustafa Kemal, in a speech he made on 19 March 1920 announced that "an Assembly will be gathered in Ankara that will possess extraordinary powers" and communicated how the members who would participate in the assembly would be elected and the need to realise elections, at the latest, within 15 days. He also stated that the members of the dispersed Ottoman Chamber of Deputies could also participate in the assembly in Ankara, to increase the representative power of the parliament. These elections were held as planned, in the style of the elections of the preceding Chamber of Deputies, in order to select the first members of the new Turkish assembly. This Grand National Assembly, established on national sovereignty, held its inaugural session on 23 April 1920. From this date until the end of the Turkish War of Independence in 1923, the provisional government of Turkey was known as the Government of the Grand National Assembly.



Republican era



1923–1945




President Atatürk and his colleagues leaving the building of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (today the Republic Museum) after a meeting for the seventh anniversary of the foundation of the Republic of Turkey (1930).





Eighteen female deputies joined the Turkish Parliament with the 1935 general elections.


The first trial of multi-party politics, during the republican era, was made in 1924 by the establishment of the Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası at the request of Mustafa Kemal, which was closed after several months. Following a 6-year one-party rule, after the foundation of the Serbest Fırka (Liberal Party) by Ali Fethi Okyar, again at the request of Mustafa Kemal, in 1930, some violent disorders took place, especially in the eastern parts of the country. The Liberal Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt at a multiparty democracy was made until 1945.



1945–1960



The multi-party period in Turkey was resumed by the founding of the National Development Party (Milli Kalkınma Partisi), by Nuri Demirağ, in 1945. The Democrat Party was established the following year, and won the general elections of 1950; one of its leaders, Celal Bayar, becoming President of the Republic and another, Adnan Menderes, Prime Minister.



1960–1980


After the military forces intervened in the country’s political life on May 27, 1960, Prime Minister Adnan Menderes, President Celal Bayar, and all the ministers and members of the Assembly were arrested. The Assembly was closed. The Committee of National Unity, CNU (Milli Birlik Komitesi), assumed all the powers of the Assembly by a provisional constitution and began to run the country. Executive power was used by ministers appointed by the CNU.


The members of the CNU began to work on a new and comprehensive constitution. The Constituent Assembly (Kurucu Meclis), composed of members of the CNU and the members of the House of Representatives, was established to draft a new constitution on January 6, 1961. The House of Representatives consisted of those appointed by the CNU, representatives designated by two parties of that time (PRP and Republican Villagers National Party, RVNP), and representatives of various professional associations.


The constitutional text drafted by the Constituent Assembly was presented to the voters in a referendum on July 9, 1961, and was accepted by 61.17% of the voters. The 1961 Constitution, the first prepared by a Constituent Assembly and the first to be presented to the people in a referendum, included innovations in many subjects.


The 1961 Constitution stipulated a typical parliamentarian system. According to the Constitution, Parliament was bicameral. The legislative power was vested in the House of Representatives and the Senate. while the executive authority was vested in the President and the Council of Ministers. The Constitution envisaged a Constitutional Court.


The 1961 Constitution regulated fundamental rights and freedom, including economic and social rights, over a wide spectrum and adopted the principles of a democratic social state and the rule of law. The 1961 Constitution underwent many comprehensive changes after the military memorandum of March 12, 1971, but continued to be in force until the military coup of 1980.[2]



1980–2018


The country underwent a military coup on September 12, 1980. The Constitution was suspended and political parties were dissolved. Many politicians were forbidden from entering politics again. The military power ruling the country established a “Constituent Assembly”, as had been done in 1961. The Constituent Assembly was composed of the National Security Council and the Advisory Assembly. Within two years, the new constitution was drafted and was presented to the referendum on November 7, 1982. Participation in the referendum was 91.27%. As a result, the 1982 Constitution was passed with 91.37% of the votes.


The greatest change brought about by the 1982 Constitution was the unicameral parliamentary system. The number of MPs were 550 members. The executive was empowered and new and more definite limitations were introduced on fundamental rights and freedoms. Except for these aspects, the 1982 Constitution greatly resembled the 1961 Constitution.


The 1982 Constitution, from the time it was accepted until the present time, has undergone many changes, especially the “integration laws”, which have been introduced within the framework of the European Union membership process, and which has led to a fundamental evolution.[2]



2018–present


After the 2017 constitutional referendums, the first general election of the Assembly would under a presidential system, with an executive president which have the power to dissolve the Assembly. The new Assembly would increase the number of MPs from 550 to 600.



Composition


There are 600 members of parliament (deputies) who are elected for a five-year term by the D'Hondt method, a party-list proportional representation system, from 87 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara are divided into three electoral districts whereas İzmir and Bursa are divided into two each because of its large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation,[citation needed] a party must win at least 10% of the national vote to qualify for representation in the parliament. As a result of this threshold, only two parties won seats in the legislature after the 2002 elections and three in 2007. The 2002 elections saw every party represented in the previous parliament ejected from the chamber.[3] This rather high threshold has been internationally criticised, but a complaint with the European Court for Human Rights was turned down.


Independent candidates may also run[4] and can be elected without needing a threshold.[5]


After the 2002 general elections the Justice and Development Party (AKP) gained a majority of the seats. The AKP was able to maintain a single party government until 2015, when it lost its majority in parliament.[6] In 2002, the Republican People's Party (CHP) was the only other party that succeeded in being represented in Parliament. During the 2007 general elections, three parties managed to clear the 10% threshold — AKP, CHP, and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Furthermore, Kurdish politicians from the Democratic Society Party (DTP) circumvented the threshold by contesting the election as independents; 24 of them were elected, enabling them to constitute their own faction in the Assembly.



Speaker of the parliament




The chair of the Speaker of the Parliament.


A new term in the parliament began on June 23, 2015, after the June 2015 General Elections. Deniz Baykal from the CHP temporarily served as the speaker, as it is customary for the oldest member of the TBMM to serve as speaker during a hung parliament. İsmail Kahraman was elected after the snap elections on 22 November 2015.[7]



Members (since 1999)



  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, 1999–2002

  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, 2002–2007

  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, 2007–2011

  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, 2011–2015

  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, June to Nov, 2015

  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, 2015-2018

  • List of members of the parliament of Turkey, 2018-2023



Parliamentary groups


Parties who have at least 20 deputies may form a parliamentary group. Currently there are four parliamentary groups at the GNAT: AKP, which has the highest number of seats, CHP, MHP and HDP.



Committees



Specialized committees



  1. Constitution committee (26 members)

  2. Justice committee (24 members)

  3. National Defense committee (24 members)

  4. Internal affairs committee (24 members)

  5. Foreign affairs committee (24 members)

  6. National Education, Culture, Youth and Sports committee (24 members)

  7. Development, reconstruction, transportation and tourism committee (24 members)

  8. Environment committee (24 members)

  9. Health, family, employment, social works committee (24 members)

  10. Agriculture, forestry, rural works committee (24 members)

  11. Industry, Commerce, Energy, Natural Resources, Information and Technology Committee (24 members)

  12. Committee for checking GNAT Accounts (15 members)

  13. Application committee (13 members)

  14. Planning and Budget committee (39 members)

  15. Public enterprises committee (35 members)

  16. Committee on inspection of Human rights (23 members)

  17. European Union Harmonization Committee (21 members) (not available in Parliamentary Procedures)



Parliamentary research committees


These committees are one of auditing tools of the Parliament. The research can begin upon the demand of the Government, political party groups or min 20 MPs. The duty is assigned to a committee whose number of members, duration of work and location of work is determined by the proposal of the Parliamentary Speaker and the approval of the General Assembly.



Parliamentary investigation committees


These committees are established if any investigation demand re the PM and ministers occur and approved by the General Assembly through hidden voting.



International committees



  1. Parliamentary Assembly of the Organisation of Security Co-operation in Europe (8 members)

  2. Parliamentary Assembly of NATO (12 members)

  3. The Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (14 members)

  4. Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly for Security and Defense (12 members)

  5. Turkey – European Union Joint Parliamentary Committee (14 members)

  6. Parliamentary Union of the Organization of Islamic Conference (5 members)

  7. Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (9 members)

  8. Union of Asian Parliaments for Peace (3 members)

  9. Parliamentary Assembly of Europe and Mediterranean (6 members)

  10. Inter-parliamentary Union


An MP can attend more than one committee if s/he is not a member of Application Committee or Planning and Budgeting Committee. Members of those committees can not participate in any other committees. On the other hand, s/he does not have to work for a committee either.
Number of members of each committee is determined by the proposal of the Advisory Council and the approval of the General Assembly.


Sub committees are established according to the issue that the committee receives. Only Public Enterprises (PEs) Committee has constant sub committees that are specifically responsible for a group of PEs.


Committee meetings are open to the MPs, the Ministers’ Board members and the Government representatives. The MPs and the Ministers’ Board members can talk in the committees but can not make amendments proposals or vote. Every MP can read the reports of the committees.
NGOs can attend the committee meetings upon the invitation of the committee therefore volunteer individual or public participation is not available. Media, but not the visual media, can attend the meetings. The media representatives are usually the parliamentary staff of the media institutions. The committees can prevent the attendance of the media with a joint decision.



Current composition


The 27th Parliament of Turkey took office on 7 July 2018, following the ratification of the results of the general election held on 1 November 2015. The composition of the 27th Parliament, is shown below.



Changes since June 2018


Parliament of Turkey 2018 Current.svg































































































































Party
Political position
Leader
Parliamentary group leaders
Members at start
Current members
Change
Status
AKP Justice and Development Party
Right-wing
Conservative democracy
Binali Yıldırım
Cahit Özkan
Muhammet Emin Akbaşoğlu
Mehmet Muş
Bülent Turan
Özlem Zengin

295 / 600


291 / 600


Decrease 4
Government
CHP Republican People's Party
Centre-left
Social democracy
Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
Özgür Özel
Engin Özkoç
Engin Altay

146 / 600


142 / 600


Decrease 4
Opposition
HDP Peoples' Democratic Party
Left-wing
Democratic socialism

Pervin Buldan
Sezai Temelli

Ayhan Bilgen
Fatma Kurtulan

67 / 600


65 / 600


Decrease 2
Opposition
MHP Nationalist Movement Party
Far-right
Turkish ultranationalism
Devlet Bahçeli Erkan Akçay

49 / 600


49 / 600

Confidence and supply
İYİ İYİ Party
Centre
Turkish nationalism
Liberal conservatism
Meral Akşener
Ahat Andican
Lütfü Türkkan
Yavuz Ağıralioğlu

43 / 600


39 / 600


Decrease 4
Opposition
SP Felicity Party
Far-right
Millî Görüş
Temel Karamollaoğlu N/A

0 / 600


2 / 600


Increase 2
Opposition
TİP Workers Party
Far-left
Marxism
N/A N/A

0 / 600


2 / 600


Increase 2
Opposition
BBP Great Unity Party
Far-right
Turkish-Islamic synthesis
Mustafa Destici N/A

0 / 600


1 / 600


Increase 1
Confidence and supply
DP Democratic Party
Centre-right
Liberal conservatism
Gültekin Uysal N/A

0 / 600


1 / 600


Increase 1
Opposition
Total 600 596


Latest election results








































































































































































e • d  Summary of the 24 June 2018 parliamentary election in Turkey

Parliament of Turkey 2018.svg
Alliance
Party
Votes
Seats
#
%
±
#
±
%

People's Alliance
Cumhur İttifakı

Justice and Development Party*
Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi
21,335,579 42.56 -6.94 295 -22 49.17

Nationalist Movement Party
Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi
5,564,517 11.10 -0.80 49 +9 8.17
People's Alliance total 26,900,096 53.66 -7.74 344 -13
57.33

Nation Alliance
Millet İttifakı

Republican People's Party*
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi
11,348,899 22.64 -2.68 146 +12 24.33

İyi Party*
İyi Parti
4,990,710 9.96 New 43 New 7.17

Felicity Party*
Saadet Partisi
673,731 1.34 +0.66 0 ±0 0.00
Nation Alliance total 17,013,340 33.94 +7.94 189 +55
31.50

Peoples' Democratic Party
Halkların Demokratik Partisi
5,866,309 11.70 +0.94 67 +8 11.17


Free Cause Party
Hür Dava Partisi
157,612 0.31 +0.31 0 ±0 0.00

Patriotic Party
Vatan Partisi
117,779 0.23 -0.02 0 ±0 0.00
Other
Diğer
75,283 0.15 -1.44 0 ±0 0.00

Invalid/blank votes 1,053,310
Total 51,183,729 100.00 600 +50
100.00
Registered voters/turnout 59,354,840 86.23 +1.05

Source: Anadolu Ajansı
*Notes: Two members of the Felicity Party were elected on the Republican People's Party list, one member of the Democrat Party was elected on the İyi Party list, and one member of the Great Union Party was elected on the Justice and Development Party list.


Parliament Building


The current Parliament Building is the third to house the nation's parliament. The building which first housed the Parliament was converted from the Ankara headquarters of the Committee of Union and Progress, the political party that overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid II in 1909 in an effort to bring democracy to the Ottoman Empire. Designed by architect Hasip Bey,[8] it was used until 1924 and is now used as the locale of the Museum of the War of Independence, the second building which housed the Parliament was designed by architect Vedat (Tek) Bey (1873–1942) and used from 1924 to 1960.[8] It is now been converted as the Museum of the Republic. The Grand National Assembly is now housed in a modern and imposing building in the Bakanlıklar neighborhood of Ankara.[9] The monumental building's project was designed by architect and professor Clemens Holzmeister (1886–1993).[8] The building was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50,000 lira banknotes of 1989–1999.[10] The building was hit by airstrikes three times during the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, suffering noticeable damage.[11] Later, the Parliament went through a revision in the summer of 2016.[12]



Picture gallery




See also



  • List of Chairmen of the Senate of Turkey

  • List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey

  • Politics of the Republic of Turkey

  • List of legislatures by country



List of Notes



Notes





  1. ^ Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab Developer, Design: Emre Baydur, IT. "The Grand National Assembly of Turkey". global.tbmm.gov.tr. Retrieved 2017-11-01.


  3. ^ Roger Hardy (4 November 2002). "Turkey leaps into the unknown". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 December 2006.


  4. ^ Turkish Directorate General of Press and Information (24 August 2004). "Political Structure of Turkey". Turkish Prime Minister's Office. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2006.


  5. ^ e.g. Istanbul in 2011 has a successful candidate at 3.2% Archived 15 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine


  6. ^ "Turkey's old guard routed in elections". British Broadcasting Corporation. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 14 December 2006.


  7. ^ "Meclis Başkanı'nı seçti". Milliyet. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015.


  8. ^ abc "The Grand National Assembly of Turkey".


  9. ^ Yale, Pat; Virginia Maxwell; Miriam Raphael; Jean-Bernard Carillet (2005). Turkey. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-683-8.


  10. ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Archived 3 June 2009 at WebCite. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – Fifty Thousand Turkish Lira – I. Series Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine & II. Series Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 20 April 2009.


  11. ^ "Ankara parliament building 'bombed from air' – state agency". RT. Retrieved 2016-07-16.


  12. ^ "Meclis yaz dönemini tadilatla geçirecek" (in Turkish). TRT News. August 23, 2016.




Notes





  1. ^ Elected on Justice and Development Party list, but do not sit together in parliament


  2. ^ Elected on Republican People's Party list, but do not sit together in parliament


  3. ^ Elected on İYİ Party list, but do not sit together in parliament




References


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  • Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9.


  • Jay Shaw, Stanford; Kural Shaw, Ezel (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1.




External links








  • The official site of the Grand National Assembly, including some pages in English

  • Photo of TBMM (High-Resolution)

  • hurriyetdailynews.com







Coordinates: 39°54′42″N 32°51′04″E / 39.91167°N 32.85111°E / 39.91167; 32.85111







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