Lower Heterobranchia





























Lower Heterobranchia

Architectonica sp. (Marine snail).jpg
A live individual of Architectonica perspectiva

Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia
informal group Lower Heterobranchia

Synonyms

Allogastropoda



Lower Heterobranchia, also known as the Allogastropoda, is a group of rather specialized, highly evolved sea slugs and sea snails, (marine gastropod mollusks) within the clade Heterobranchia. Although the great majority of Lower Heterobranchs are indeed marine, a few have succeeded in making the transition to freshwater.




Contents






  • 1 Description


  • 2 Taxonomy


    • 2.1 2005 taxonomy


    • 2.2 2010 taxonomy


    • 2.3 2014 taxonomy


    • 2.4 2016 taxonomy




  • 3 References





Description


The shell shapes in this group are typically those that are seen in the sundial, pyramid, rissoella and orbitestellid families of snails.[1]





Bactroptyxis trachaea, family Nerineidae, superfamily Nerineoidea.





Valvata piscinalis, family Valvatidae, superfamily Valvatoidea.



Taxonomy



2005 taxonomy


In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005,[2] the Lower Heterobranchia is an Informal Group. Superfamilies within the Lower Heterobranchia include:



  • Unassigned to a superfamily (orbitestellid-shells)

    • Family Cimidae

    • † Family Dolomitellidae

    • † Family Heterosubulitidae

    • † Family Kuskokwimiidae

    • † Family Misurinellidae

    • Family Orbitestellidae

    • Family Tjaernoeiidae

    • Family Xylodisculidae



  • superfamily Acteonoidea

  • superfamily Architectonicoidea

  • superfamily Glacidorboidea

  • superfamily Mathildoidea

  • † superfamily Nerineoidea

  • superfamily Omalogyroidea

  • superfamily Pyramidelloidea

  • superfamily Ringiculoidea

  • superfamily Rissoelloidea

  • † superfamily Streptacidoidea

  • superfamily Valvatoidea


(Taxa that are exclusively fossil are indicated with a dagger †)


For a more detailed taxonomy see: Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)#Informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" (= Allogastropoda)



2010 taxonomy


Jörger et al. (2010)[3] have redefined major groups within the Heterobranchia: they moved Glacidorboidea and Pyramidelloidea to Panpulmonata.[3]



2014 taxonomy


Wägele et al. (2014):[4] moved Rissoelloidea and Acteonoidea from Lower Heterobranchia to Euthyneura.



2016 taxonomy


Kano et al. (2016):[5] moved Ringiculoidea from Lower Heterobranchia to Euthyneura.


So the following taxa remain within the Lower Heterobranchia:



  • Unassigned to a superfamily (orbitestellid-shells)

    • Family Cimidae

    • † Family Dolomitellidae

    • † Family Heterosubulitidae

    • † Family Kuskokwimiidae

    • † Family Misurinellidae

    • Family Orbitestellidae

    • Family Tjaernoeiidae

    • Family Xylodisculidae



  • superfamily Architectonicoidea

  • superfamily Mathildoidea

  • † superfamily Nerineoidea

  • superfamily Omalogyroidea

  • † superfamily Streptacidoidea

  • superfamily Valvatoidea



References





  1. ^ http://www.molluscsoftasmania.net/Subclass%20pages/Heterobranchia.html


  2. ^ Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ ab Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schrödl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.


  4. ^ Wägele H., Klussmann-Kolb A., Verbeek E. & Schrödl M. (2014). "Flashback and foreshadowing—a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 14(1): 133–149. doi:10.1007/s13127-013-0151-5


  5. ^ Kano, Yasunori; Brenzinger, Bastian; Nützel, Alexander; Wilson, Nerida G.; Schrödl, Michael (2016-08-08). "Ringiculid bubble snails recovered as the sister group to sea slugs (Nudipleura)". Scientific Reports. 6: 30908. doi:10.1038/srep30908. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4976385. Retrieved 2017-05-12.









-

這個網誌中的熱門文章

Tangent Lines Diagram Along Smooth Curve

圖片
7 1 I am trying to replicate a diagram and have a minimal example. I don't know how to add additional tangents between the specified points and preserve smoothness. documentclass{article} usepackage{tikz} usetikzlibrary{calc,intersections} begin{document} begin{tikzpicture} % Axes draw [->, name path=x] (-1,0) -- (11,0) node [right] {$x$}; draw [->] (0,-1) -- (0,6) node [above] {$y$}; % Origin node at (0,0) [below left] {$0$}; % Points coordinate (start) at (1,-0.8); coordinate (c1) at (3,3); coordinate (c2) at (5.5,1.5); coordinate (c3) at (8,4); coordinate (end) at (10.5,-0.8); % show the points foreach n in {start,c1,c2,c3,end} fill [black] (n) circle (2pt) node [below] {}; % join the coordinates draw [thick,name path=curve] (start) to[out=70,in=180] (c1) to[out=0,in=180]
閱讀完整內容

Yusuf al-Mu'taman ibn Hud

圖片
Main article: Taifa of Zaragoza Al-Mu'taman Ruler of Zaragoza Reign 1081–1085 Predecessor Ahmad al-Muqtadir Successor Al-Mustain II Born Zaragoza Died 1085 Full name Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd House Banu Hud Yusuf ibn Ahmad al-Mu'taman ibn Hūd (Arabic: المؤتمن بالله يوسف إبن أحمد إبن هود ‎, al-Mutaman bi l-Lah , died c. 1085) was the third king of the Banu Hud dynasty who ruled over the Taifa of Zaragoza from 1081 to 1085. Yusuf al-Mutaman reigned during the height of power of Muslim Zaragoza , following the thriving period of his father Ahmad al-Muqtadir. He continued his father's efforts and created around him a court of intellectuals, living in the beautiful palace of Aljafería, nicknamed as "the palace of joy". Al-Mu'taman was also a scholarly king and a patron of science, philosophy and arts. As an example of a wise king, he knew astrology, philosophy, and especially mathematics, a discipline in which
閱讀完整內容

Zucchini

圖片
This article is about the vegetable. For other uses, see Zucchini (disambiguation). Zucchini (courgette) A striped and a uniform color zucchini Genus Cucurbita Species Cucurbita pepo Origin 19th century northern Italy The zucchini ( / z uː ˈ k iː n i / , American English) or courgette ( / k ʊər ˈ ʒ ɛ t / , British English) is a summer squash which can reach nearly 1 metre (100 cm; 39 in) in length, but is usually harvested when still immature at about 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in). [1] A zucchini is a thin-skinned cultivar of what in Britain and Ireland is referred to as a marrow. [2] [3] In South Africa, a zucchini is known as a baby marrow. Along with certain other squashes and pumpkins, the zucchini belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo . It can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini, is a deep yellow or orange color. [4] In a culinary context, the zucchini is treated as a vegetable; it is usually cooked and presented as a savory dish o
閱讀完整內容