Wsrtjtyk

Roman public bath, still in use

Public service^[1] is a service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing provision of services. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Even where public services are neither publicly provided nor publicly financed, for social and political reasons they are usually subject to regulation going beyond that applying to most economic sectors. Public policy^[2] when made in the public's interest and motivations can provide public services. Public service is also a course that can be studied at a college or university. Examples of public services are the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics.

Sectors

Public services may be associated with fundamental human rights (such as the right to water). The Volunteer Fire Dept. and Ambulance Corps. are institutions with the mission of servicing the community. A service is helping others with a specific need or want. Here, service ranges from a doctor curing an illness, to a repair person, to a food pantry.

In modern developed countries, the term "public services" (or "services of general interest") often includes:^{[citation needed]}

• Courts


• Electricity


• 
  Education, [e.g. state (public) schools, public universities, etc...]


• 
  Emergency services, (e.g. Fire, EMS, Law Enforcement, Search and Rescue, etc...)


• Environmental protection


• Health care


• Military


• Public transportation


• Public buildings


• 
  Social services, (e.g. public housing, social welfare, food subsidies, etc...)


• Telecommunications


• Urban planning


• Transportation infrastructure


• 
  Waste management, (e.g. wastewater, solid waste, recycling, etc...)


• Water supply network

Public administration

In modern democracies, public service is often performed by employees known as civil servants who are hired by elected officials. Government agencies are not profit-oriented and their employees are motivated very differently.^[3] Studies of their work have found contrasting results including both higher levels of effort^[3] and fewer hours of work.^[4] A survey in the UK found that private sector hiring managers do not credit government experience as much as private sector experience.^[5] Public workers tend to make less in wages when adjusting for education, although that difference is reduced when benefits and hours are included.^[6] Public workers have other intangible benefits such as increased job security.^[6]

Characteristics

A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non-rivalrous and non-excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors which are natural monopolies.

They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.

History

Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defence dates to at least four thousand years ago.^[7]

Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of xian (prefectures) under the control of a centrally-appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of dispute resolution through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.^[8]

A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion.^[9]

The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as electricity and healthcare. In most developed countries local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant.^{[citation needed]} Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.

In developing countries public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons the service is often subsidized, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to poorer communities.^{[citation needed]}

Nationalization

Nationalization took off following the World Wars of the first half of the twentieth century. Across Europe, because of the extreme demands on industries and the economy, central planning was required to make production maximally efficient. Many public services, especially electricity, gas and public transport are products of this era. Following the Second World War, many countries also began to implement universal health care and expanded education under the funding and guidance of the state.

Privatization

A group of Chilean 'Damas de Rojo', volunteers on their local hospital.

There are several ways to privatize public services. A free-market corporation may be established and sold to private investors, relinquishing government control altogether. Thus it becomes a private (not public) service. Another option, used in the Nordic countries, is to establish a corporation, but keep ownership or voting power essentially in the hands of the government. For example, the Finnish state owned 49% of Kemira until 2007, the rest being owned by private investors. A 49% share did not make it a "government enterprise", but it meant that all other investors together would have to oppose the state's opinion in order to overturn the state's decisions in the shareholder's meeting. Regulated corporation can also acquire permits on the agreement that they fulfill certain public service duties. When a private corporation runs a natural monopoly, then the corporation is typically heavily regulated, to prevent abuse of monopoly power. Lastly, the government can buy the service on the free market. In many countries, medication is provided in this manner: the government reimburses part of the price of the medication. Also, bus traffic, electricity, healthcare and waste management are privatized in this way. One recent innovation, used in the UK increasingly as well as Australia and Canada is public-private partnerships. This involves giving a long lease to private consortia in return for partly funding infrastructure.

See also

This "see also" section may contain an excessive number of suggestions. Please ensure that only the most relevant links are given, that they are not red links, and that any links are not already in this article. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

• 
  EPSU European Public Services Unions


• 
  CEEP European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest


• Certificate of public convenience and necessity


• Good governance


• Infrastructure


• Right to Public Services legislation


• New Public Management


• United Nations Public Service Awards


• UN Public Service Day


• 
  VÖWG Austrian Association for Public and Social Economy

References

External links

This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

• Municipal Services Project


• Public Services International


• Public Services International Research Unit


• Daniel Chavez (ed), Beyond the Market: The Future of Public Services, TNI Public Services Yearbook 2005/6, Transnational Institute / Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), February 2006


• European Centre of Enterprises with Public Participation and of Enterprises of General Economic Interest