Free license
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A free license or open license[1][2] is a license agreement which contains provisions that allow other individuals to reuse another creator's work, giving them four major freedoms. Without a special license, these uses are normally prohibited by copyright law or commercial license. Most free licenses are worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and perpetual (see copyright durations). Free licenses are often the basis of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding projects.
The invention of the term "free license" and the focus on the rights of users were connected to the sharing traditions of the hacker culture of the 1970s public domain software ecosystem, the social and political free software movement (since 1980) and the open source movement (since the 1990s).[3] These rights were codified by different groups and organizations for different domains in Free Software Definition, Open Source Definition, Debian Free Software Guidelines, Definition of Free Cultural Works and the The Open Definition.[1] These definitions were then transformed into licenses, using the copyright as legal mechanism. Since then, ideas of free/open licenses spread into different spheres of society.
Open source, free culture (unified as free and open-source movement), anticopyright, Wikimedia Foundation projects, public domain advocacy groups and pirate parties are connected with free and open licenses.
Contents
1 Philosophy
2 Classification and licenses
2.1 By freedom
2.2 By type of content
2.3 By authors
3 Problems
4 By countries
4.1 USA
4.2 European Union
4.2.1 Germany
5 References
6 External links
Philosophy
Classification and licenses
By freedom
- Agreement, which is related to the public domain
- Creative Commons CC0
- WTFPL
- Unlicense
- Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)[4]
Permissive licenses
- BSD License
- MIT License
Mozilla Public License (file-based permissive copyleft)- Creative Commons Attribution
Copyleft licenses
GNU GPL, LGPL (weaker copyleft), AGPL (stronger copyleft)- Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike
- Mozilla Public License
- Common Development and Distribution License
GFDL (without invariant sections)- Free Art License
By type of content
Free software licences
- The Free Software Definition
Open Content
- Open Content License
- Open Publication License
Free content licenses
- Definition of Free Cultural Works
Open-source hardware licenses
Database licenses (Creative Commons v4 and Open Database Licence)
Open patent licenses
By authors
- Free Software Foundation
- Open Source Initiative
- Creative Commons
Microsoft
- Microsoft Public License
- Microsoft Reciprocal License
- Open Content Project
Open Data Commons from Open Knowledge Foundation
Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
Attribution License (ODC-By)
Open Database License (ODC-ODbL)
Problems
- License compatibility
- License proliferation
Permissive vs. copyleft
By countries
Creative Commons has affiliates in more than 100 jurisdictions all over the world.
USA
European Union
EUPL was created in the European Union.
Germany
Harald Welte created gpl-violations.org
References
^ ab Open Definition 2.1 on opendefinition.org "This essential meaning matches that of “open” with respect to software as in the Open Source Definition and is synonymous with “free” or “libre” as in the Free Software Definition and Definition of Free Cultural Works."
^ The Open Source Definition
^ Kelty, Christpher M. (2008). "The Cultural Significance of free Software - Two Bits" (PDF). Duke University press - durham and london. p. 99.Prior to 1998, Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation (and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman) or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on. The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement.
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^ PDDL 1.0 on opendatacommons.org
External links
- Various Licenses and Comments about Them - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
- License information - Debian
- Open Source Licenses
- Licenses - Definition of Free Cultural Works
- proposed Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Statement of Principles and Definition v1.0