Systems science




Study of the nature of systems



Impression of systems thinking about society


Systems science is an interdisciplinary field that studies the nature of systems—from simple to complex—in nature, society, cognition, engineering, technology and science itself. To systems scientists, the world can be understood as a system of systems.[1] The field aims to develop interdisciplinary foundations that are applicable in a variety of areas, such as psychology, biology, medicine, communication, business management, engineering, and social sciences.[2]


Systems science covers formal sciences such as complex systems, cybernetics, dynamical systems theory, information theory, linguistics or systems theory. It has applications in the field of the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as control theory, operations research, social systems theory, systems biology, system dynamics, human factors, systems ecology, systems engineering and systems psychology.[3] Themes commonly stressed in system science are (a) holistic view, (b) interaction between a system and its embedding environment, and (c) complex (often subtle) trajectories of dynamic behavior that sometimes are stable (and thus reinforcing), while at various 'boundary conditions' can become wildly unstable (and thus destructive). Concerns about Earth-scale biosphere/geosphere dynamics is an example of the nature of problems to which systems science seeks to contribute meaningful insights.




Contents






  • 1 Theories


  • 2 Fields


  • 3 Systems scientists


  • 4 Organizations


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References


  • 7 Further reading


  • 8 External links





Theories


Since the emergence of general systems research in the 1950s,[4]systems thinking and systems science have developed into many theoretical frameworks.




Systems notes of Henk Bikker, TU Delft, 1991



Systems analysis


Systems analysis is the branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, and/or interaction with its environment,[5] often prior to their automation as computer models. This field is closely related to operations research.

Systems design

Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective."[5] For example in computing, systems design can define the hardware and systems architecture which includes many sub-architectures including software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data, as well as security, information, and others, for a computer system to satisfy specified requirements.

System dynamics


System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems,"[6] which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows.

Systems engineering


Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of engineering, that focuses on the development and organization of complex systems. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems,"[7] for example: signal processing systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering.

Systems methodologies

There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example:


  • Soft systems methodology (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general problem solving and in the management of change. It was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme.


  • System development methodology (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems.


  • Viable systems approach (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.





Systems theories


Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field that studies complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze and/or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result.

Systems science

Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as chaos theory, complex systems, control theory, cybernetics, sociotechnical systems theory, systems biology, systems chemistry, systems ecology, systems psychology and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory.



Fields


Systems sciences cover formal sciences like dynamical systems theory and applications in the natural and social sciences and engineering, such as social systems theory and system dynamics.




  • Chaos theory

  • Conceptual systems

  • Complex systems

  • Complex system


  • Cybernetics

    • Autonomous Agency Theory

    • Second-order cybernetics

    • Viable System Theory




  • Control theory

    • Affect control theory

    • Control engineering

    • Control systems

    • Dynamical systems

    • Perceptual control theory




  • Earth system science

    • Climate systems

    • Systems geology



  • Economic systems

  • Geopolitical systems

  • Operations research

  • Political systems


  • Systems biology

    • Computational systems biology

    • Synthetic biology

    • Systems immunology

    • Systems neuroscience




  • System dynamics
    • Social dynamics



  • Systems ecology

    • Ecosystem ecology

    • Agroecology




  • Systems engineering

    • Biological systems engineering

    • Earth systems engineering and management

    • Electronic systems

    • Enterprise systems engineering

    • Software systems

    • Systems analysis



  • Systems theory in anthropology


  • Systems psychology

    • Ergonomics

    • Family systems theory

    • Systemic therapy




  • Systems theory

    • Biochemical systems theory

    • Ecological systems theory

    • Developmental systems theory

    • General systems theory

    • Living systems theory

    • LTI system theory

    • Sociotechnical systems theory

    • Mathematical system theory

    • World-systems theory






Systems scientists


Main article: List of systems scientists

General systems scientists can be divided into different generations. The founders of the systems movement like Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James Grier Miller, George J. Klir, and Anatol Rapoport were all born between 1900 and 1920. They all came from different natural and social science disciplines and joined forces in the 1950s to establish the general systems theory paradigm. Along with the organization of their efforts a first generation of systems scientists rose.


Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like Ervin Laszlo (1932) and Fritjof Capra (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. Debora Hammond can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists.



Organizations


Main article: List of systems sciences organizations

The International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS) is an organisation for interdisciplinary collaboration and synthesis of systems sciences. The ISSS is unique among systems-oriented institutions in terms of the breadth of its scope, bringing together scholars and practitioners from academic, business, government, and non-profit organizations. Based on fifty years of tremendous interdisciplinary research from the scientific study of complex systems to interactive approaches in management and community development. This society was initially conceived in 1954 at the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, and Anatol Rapoport.


In the field of systems science the International Federation for Systems Research (IFSR) is an international federation for global and local societies in the field of systems science. This federation is a non-profit, scientific and educational agency founded in 1981, and constituted of some thirty member organizations from various countries. The overall purpose of this Federation is to advance cybernetic and systems research and systems applications and to serve the international systems community.


The best known research institute in the field is the Santa Fe Institute (SFI) located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, dedicated to the study of complex systems. This institute was founded in 1984 by George Cowan, David Pines, Stirling Colgate, Murray Gell-Mann, Nick Metropolis, Herb Anderson, Peter A. Carruthers, and Richard Slansky. All but Pines and Gell-Mann were scientists with Los Alamos National Laboratory. SFI's original mission was to disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary research area, complexity theory referred to at SFI as complexity science. Recently, IIT Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India started inculcating system science and engineering to its students through Bachelors, Masters and Doctorate programs. This makes it the first institution to offer system science education to students in India.



See also





  • Complex-adaptive-system.jpg Systems science portal

  • Antireductionism

  • Evolutionary prototyping

  • Holism

  • System engineering

  • Systemics

  • System equivalence

  • Systems theory

  • Tektology

  • World-systems theory




References





  1. ^ G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.


  2. ^ Philip M'Pherson (1974, p. 229); as cited by: Hieronymi, A. (2013), Understanding Systems Science: A Visual and Integrative Approach. Syst. Res.. doi:10.1002/sres.2215. He defined systems science as "the ordered arrangement of knowledge acquired from the study of systems in the observable world, together with the application of this knowledge to the design of man-made systems."


  3. ^ According to Francis Heylighen in "What are Cybernetics and Systems Science?" on Principia Cybernetica Web (1999) systems science is an "academic domain, that touches virtually all traditional disciplines, from mathematics, technology and biology to philosophy and the social sciences."


  4. ^ Robert L. Flood (1993) Dealing with Complexity: : An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science. p. 3


  5. ^ ab Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: Advances in computers, Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362


  6. ^ Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation. Oxford University Press. p. 55


  7. ^ Derek K. Hitchins (2008) Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology. p. 100




Further reading



  • B. A. Bayraktar, Education in Systems Science, 1979, 369 pp.


  • Kenneth D. Bailey, "Fifty Years of Systems Science:Further Reflections", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 22, 2005, pp. 355–361. doi:10.1002/sres.711


  • Robert L. Flood, Ewart R Carson, Dealing with Complexity: An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science (2nd Edition), 1993.


  • George J. Klir, Facets of Systems Science (2nd Edition), Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.

  • Jiri Kroc, Karel Balihar, Martin Matejovic, Complex Systems and Their Use in Medicine: Concepts, Methods and Bio-Medical Applications, ResearchGate, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.29919.30887, 2019.


  • Ervin László, Systems Science and World Order: Selected Studies, 1983.

  • G. E. Mobus & M. C. Kalton, Principles of Systems Science, 2015, New York:Springer.


  • Anatol Rapoport (ed.), General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, Society for General Systems Research, Vol 1., 1956.

  • Li D. Xu, "The contributions of Systems Science to Information Systems Research", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 17, 2000, pp. 105–116.

  • Graeme Donald Snooks, "A general theory of complex living systems: Exploring the demand side of dynamics", Complexity, vol. 13, no. 6, July/August 2008.


  • John N. Warfield, "A proposal for Systems Science", Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 20, 2003, pp. 507–520. doi:10.1002/sres.528



External links







  • Principia Cybernetica Web

  • Institute of System Science Knowledge (ISSK.org)

  • International Society for the System Sciences

  • UK Systems Society

  • Cybernetics Society










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