Pulmonata
| Pulmonata Temporal range: Carboniferous–recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Various examples of Pulmonata | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
Informal group: | Pulmonata Cuvier, 1814 |
| Taxonomic subdivisions | |
| |
Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger et al., dating from 2010.[1]
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous Period to the present.[2]
Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts.[3]
Contents
1 Linnean taxonomy
2 2005 taxonomy
2.1 Informal Group Pulmonata
2.1.1 Informal Group Basommatophora
2.1.1.1 Clade Hygrophila
2.1.2 Clade Eupulmonata
2.1.2.1 Clade Systellommatophora ( = Gymnomorpha)
2.1.2.2 Clade Stylommatophora
2.1.2.3 Subclade Elasmognatha
2.1.2.4 Subclade Orthurethra
2.1.2.5 Informal Group Sigmurethra
2.1.2.6 limacoid clade
2.1.2.7 other Sigmurethra
3 2010 taxonomy
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) was as follows:
Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
- Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
- Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
- Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
- Superfamily Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
- Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
- Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
Shells of pulmonate stylommatophoran snails in a museum collection
An artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.
- Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
- Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
- Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
- Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
- Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
- Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
- Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
- Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
- Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
- Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
- Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
- Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
- Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
- Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
- Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
- Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
- Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
- Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
- ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
- ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra
- Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
2005 taxonomy
Examples of Pulmonata: Achatina fulica top right, Bielzia coerulans top left, Praticolella berlandieriana center right, Megalobulimus oblongus in the center, Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right & Ashmunella levettei bottom left
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)[4] was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata
Informal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila
- Superfamily Amphiboloidea
- Family Amphibolidae
- Family Amphibolidae
- Superfamily Siphonarioidea
- Family Siphonariidae
- † Family Acroreiidae
- Family Siphonariidae
Clade Hygrophila
- Superfamily Chilinoidea
- Family Chilinidae
- Family Latiidae
- Family Chilinidae
- Superfamily Acroloxoidea
- Family Acroloxidae
- Family Acroloxidae
- Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
- Family Lymnaeidae
- Family Lymnaeidae
- Superfamily Planorboidea
- Family Planorbidae
- Family Physidae
- Family Planorbidae
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
- Superfamily Trimusculoidea
- Family Trimusculidae
- Family Trimusculidae
- Superfamily Otinoidea
- Family Otinidae
- Family Smeagolidae
- Family Otinidae
- Superfamily Ellobioidea
- Family Ellobiidae
- Family Ellobiidae
Clade Systellommatophora ( = Gymnomorpha)
- Superfamily Onchidioidea
- Family Onchidiidae
- Family Onchidiidae
- Superfamily Veronicelloidea
- Family Veronicellidae
- Family Rathouisiidae
- Family Veronicellidae
Clade Stylommatophora
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
Subclade Elasmognatha
- Superfamily Succineoidea
- Family Succineidae
- Family Succineidae
- Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
- Family Athoracophoridae
- Family Athoracophoridae
Subclade Orthurethra
- Superfamily Partuloidea
- Family Partulidae
- Family Draparnaudiidae
- Family Partulidae
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea
- Family Achatinellidae
- Family Achatinellidae
- Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
- Family Cochlicopidae
- Family Amastridae
- Family Cochlicopidae
- Superfamily Pupilloidea
- Family Pupillidae
- Family Argnidae
- Family Chondrinidae
- † Family Cylindrellinidae
- Family Lauriidae
- Family Orculidae
- Family Pleurodiscidae
- Family Pyramidulidae
- Family Spelaeodiscidae
- Family Strobilopsidae
- Family Valloniidae
- Family Vertiginidae
- Family Pupillidae
- Superfamily Enoidea
- Family Enidae
- Family Cerastidae
- Family Enidae
Informal Group Sigmurethra
- Superfamily Clausilioidea
- Family Clausiliidae
- † Family Anadromidae
- † Family Filholiidae
- † Family Palaeostoidae
- Family Clausiliidae
- Superfamily Orthalicoidea
- Family Orthalicidae
- Family Cerionidae
- Family Coelociontidae
- † Family Grangerellidae
- Family Megaspiridae
- Family Placostylidae
- Family Urocoptidae
- Family Orthalicidae
- Superfamily Achatinoidea
- Family Achatinidae
- Family Ferussaciidae
- Family Micractaeonidae
- Family Subulinidae
- Family Achatinidae
- Superfamily Aillyoidea
- Family Aillyidae
- Family Aillyidae
- Superfamily Testacelloidea
- Family Testacellidae
- Family Oleacinidae
- Family Spiraxidae
- Family Testacellidae
- Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
- Family Papillodermatidae
- Family Papillodermatidae
- Superfamily Streptaxoidea
- Family Streptaxidae
- Family Streptaxidae
- Superfamily Rhytidoidea
- Family Rhytididae
- Family Chlamydephoridae
- Family Haplotrematidae
- Family Scolodontidae
- Family Rhytididae
- Superfamily Acavoidea
- Family Acavidae
- Family Caryodidae
- Family Dorcasiidae
- Family Macrocyclidae
- Family Megomphicidae
- Family Strophocheilidae
- Family Acavidae
- Superfamily Punctoidea
- Family Punctidae
- † Family Anastomopsidae
- Family Charopidae
- Family Cystopeltidae
- Family Discidae
- Family Endodontidae
- Family Helicodiscidae
- Family Oreohelicidae
- Family Thyrophorellidae
- Family Punctidae
- Superfamily Sagdoidea
- Family Sagdidae
- Family Sagdidae
limacoid clade
- Superfamily Staffordioidea
- Family Staffordiidae
- Family Staffordiidae
- Superfamily Dyakioidea
- Family Dyakiidae
- Family Dyakiidae
- Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
- Family Gastrodontidae
- Family Chronidae
- Family Euconulidae
- Family Oxychilidae
- Family Pristilomatidae
- Family Trochomorphidae
- Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
- Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
- Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
- Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
- Family Gastrodontidae
- Superfamily Parmacelloidea
- Family Parmacellidae
- Family Milacidae
- Family Trigonochlamydidae
- Family Parmacellidae
- Superfamily Zonitoidea
- Family Zonitidae
- Family Zonitidae
- Superfamily Helicarionoidea
- Family Helicarionidae
- Family Ariophantidae
- Family Urocyclidae
- Family Helicarionidae
- Superfamily Limacoidea
- Family Limacidae
- Family Agriolimacidae
- Family Boettgerillidae
- Family Vitrinidae
- Family Limacidae
other Sigmurethra
Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
- Superfamily Arionoidea
- Family Arionidae
- Family Anadenidae
- Family Ariolimacidae
- Family Binneyidae
- Family Oopeltidae
- Family Philomycidae
- Family Arionidae
- Superfamily Helicoidea
- Family Helicidae
- Family Bradybaenidae
- Family Camaenidae
- Family Cepolidae
- Family Cochlicellidae
- Family Elonidae
- Family Epiphragmophoridae
- Family Halolimnohelicidae
- Family Helicodontidae
- Family Helminthoglyptidae
- Family Humboldtianidae
- Family Hygromiidae
- Family Monadeniidae
- Family Pleurodontidae
- Family Polygyridae
- Family Sphincterochilidae
- Family Thysanophoridae
- Family Trissexodontidae
- Family Xanthonychidae
- Family Helicidae
2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010)[1] analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.[1]
References
^ abc Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. PMC 3087543. PMID 20973994..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ (in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. 1996. Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, 264 pp.,
ISBN 80-7067-599-3.
^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^ Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
Further reading
Wade, C. M.; Mordan, P. B.; Clarke, B. (2001). "A phylogeny of the land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1465): 413–422. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1372. PMC 1088622. PMID 11270439.
Holznagel, W. E.; Colgan, D. J.; Lydeard, C. (2010). "Pulmonate phylogeny based on 28S rRNA gene sequences: A framework for discussing habitat transitions and character transformation". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (3): 1017–1025. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.021. PMID 20920591.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pulmonata. |
 | Wikispecies has information related to Pulmonata |
- Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
