Nurul Amin
Nurul Amin | |
|---|---|
نورالامین | |
 | |
8th Prime Minister of Pakistan | |
In office 7 December 1971 – 20 December 1971 | |
| President | Yahya Khan |
| Deputy | Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Feroz Khan Noon Ayub Khan (acting) |
| Succeeded by | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Vice President of Pakistan | |
In office 20 December 1971 – 21 April 1972 | |
| President | Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
| Preceded by | Post created |
| Succeeded by | Post abolished |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
In office 9 July 1967 – 7 December 1970 | |
| Preceded by | Fatima Jinnah |
| Succeeded by | Khan Abdul Wali Khan |
| Chief Minister of East Bengal | |
In office 14 September 1948 – 3 April 1954 | |
| Governor | Feroz Khan Noon Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman |
| Preceded by | Khawaja Nazimuddin |
| Succeeded by | Fazlul Huq |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1893-07-15)15 July 1893 Shahbazpur, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh) |
| Died | 2 October 1974(1974-10-02) (aged 81) Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan |
| Political party | Pakistan Muslim League (since 1962) |
| Other political affiliations | Muslim League (1947–1958) |
| Alma mater | Ananda Mohan College University of Calcutta |
Nurul Amin (Bengali: নূরুল আমীন, Urdu: نورالامین; 1893–1974), referred to as the Patriot of Pakistan,[citation needed] was a prominent Pakistani leader, and a jurist. He is noted as being the last Bengali leader of Pakistan.
Starting his statesmanship in 1948 as Chief Minister of East Bengal, he headed the Ministry of Supply. After participating in parliamentary elections in 1970, Amin was appointed and served as Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was the first deputy Prime Minister of Pakistan.
An anti-war and principal Pakistan movement activist, Amin is considered a patriot who worked to keep Pakistan united. He initially opposed the creation of Bangladesh during the Bangladesh Liberation War – but after the 25 March massacre, devoted his position to reopening communication channels between the warring sides, curbing wartime crimes and repatriating stranded Bangladeshis in West Pakistan.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Public service
3 Pakistan
3.1 Pakistan Movement
3.2 Chief Minister
3.3 Language Movement
3.4 1954 elections
3.4.1 Leader of the opposition
3.5 1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh
3.6 Postwar and emotions of Pakistan
3.7 Death and state funeral
3.8 Legacy and honours
4 References
Early life
Amin was born on 15 July 1893 in Shahbazpur, in what was then undivided Bengal's Comilla District.[1] Amin grew up in Nandail Upazila at the Mymensingh District[2] In 1915, Amin passed college entrance examination from Mymensingh Zilla School, to attend the college.[3] In 1917, Amin attended the Mymensingh Ananda Mohan College, obtaining the Intermediate in Arts (I.A); he earned the BA in English literature in 1919.[2][3]
After graduating, Amin took the position of teaching at the local school in Calcutta, but decided to pursue his career in law.[2][3] In 1920, Amin began at the University of Calcutta; he gained the LLB in Law and Justice in 1924, and passed the Bar exam the same year.[3] Amin started his career in law after joining the Mymensingh Judge Court Bar.[3]
Public service
In 1929, Amin was appointed as a member of Mymensingh Local Board, and later became a member of Mymensingh District Board in 1930.[3] In 1932, the British Indian Government appointed Amin as commissioner of Mymensingh Municipality. In 1937, Amin was appointed as the Chairman of Mymensingh District Board, an assignment he continued until 1945.[3]
During this time, Amin's interest in politics increased. He became an early member of the Muslim League led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah.[3] During this time, Amin was appointed as President of the Muslim League's Mymensingh district unit. In 1944, he was elected as the vice-president of the Bengal Provincial Muslim League.[3]
In 1945, Amin participated in Indian general elections, securing a landslide victory. He became a Member, and the following year was elected as the Speaker General of the Bengal Legislative Assembly.[3]
Pakistan
Pakistan Movement
Amin became a trusted lieutenant of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in East Bengal, fighting for the rights of Bengali Muslims in British India.[4] Amin took an active part in the Pakistan Movement, organising the Bengali Muslims, while he continued to strengthen the Muslim League in Bengal.[4]
In 1946, Jinnah came to visit Bengal, where Amin assisted him. He promised the Bengali nation to build a democratic country.[4] In East Bengal, Amin promoted the unity of Muslims. By the time of creation of Pakistan, Amin had become one of the leading advocates and activists of the Pakistan Movement; he had wide approval ratings by the Bengali population.[4]
Chief Minister
Jinnah appointed Amin as the Chief Minister of East Bengal. Amin worked for the Muslim League in East Bengal, while continuing his relief programme for the population. As Chief Minister, his relations were significantly strained with Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan and Governor-General Khawaja Nazimuddin. Soon after the Assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Amin was appointed as Minister of Supply. He was elected as a member of the Pakistan National Assembly from 1947 until 1954.
After the death of Jinnah, Amin was nominated as the Chief Minister of East Bengal in September 1948 by Khawaja Nazimuddin; who succeeded Jinnah as Governor General.[5] Amin assumed the office of Chief Minister in a few weeks.[5]
Historians have noted that Nurul Amin's government was not strong enough to administer the provincial state; it was completely under the control of the central government of Nazimuddin.[5] His government did not enjoy enough power, and lacked vision, imagination, and initiatives.[5] Amin failed to counter the Communist Party's influence in the region, which widely took the credit for turning the language movement in 1952 into large unified mass protest.[5]
Language Movement
During Amin's term as Chief Minister, Governor General Nazimuddin, who was also from East Bengal but an Urdu speaker, reiterated the federal government's position that Bengali, although the language of the overwhelming majority of East Pakistanis in addition to the majority of Pakistanis as a whole, was not to be considered a national official language on a par with Urdu.[6]
In response, the Bengali Language Movement developed, and the ruling Muslim League lost popularity in East Pakistan. Both Nazimuddin and Amin failed to integrate the East population into Pakistan. The East Pakistan Muslim League significantly lost administrative control of the provisional state.[6] Amin on other hand, held Communist Party responsible for this failure, accusing them as provoking the language movement.[6]
Public dissatisfaction with Amin had grown since October 1951, when Nazimuddin became Prime Minister. Amin expelled dissidents from within the ranks of the Muslim League, but doing so simply strengthened opposition to the party.[7] In early 1952, students protested against Prime Minister Nazimuddin's declaration in Dacca that Urdu would be the sole national language. During the unrest, the civilian East-Pakistan police opened fire, killing four student activists. This raised more opposition in the region to the Muslim League.[8] Prime Minister Bogra visited East Bengal in early 1954 in an attempt to rally support for the League, but it was too late.[7] Leading politicians in West and East Pakistan called for Amin's resignation, and the new elections were soon held.
1954 elections
In the 1954 provisional elections, the Muslim League was fully defeated by the United Front, an alliance between the Awami League, led by one of the Founding Father of Pakistan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. After the elections, he became Prime Minister. The Krishak Sramik Party, chaired by A. K. Fazlul Huq, the Nizam Islam Party headed by Maulana Athar Ali, and the Ganatantri Dal, led by Haji Mohammad Danesh and Mahmud Ali became more influential.[9]
Amin lost his assembly seat to a veteran student leader of East Pakistan, Khaleque Nawaz Khan, who had also been active in the language movement. The Muslim League was effectively eliminated from the provincial political landscape.[9][10]
Amin served as the President of the East Pakistan Muslim League, and worked to improve its standing. But Army Commander General Ayub Khan imposed martial law after a successful military coup d'état against the government of President Iskander Mirza.[10]
Amin's political career was over when Ayub Khan disbanded all of the political parties in the country.[10]
Leader of the opposition
Amin ran as a candidate in the 1965 presidential elections, in East Pakistan, winning the majority vote in the Parliament of Pakistan. He declined to work with Ayub Khan. The same year, after the death of Fatima Jinnah, Amin succeeded Jinnah as Leader of Opposition, which he held until 1969, after General Yahya Khan imposed martial law again.
1971 Liberation War of Bangladesh
In the 1970 elections, Amin was elected to the National Assembly as one of only two non-Awami League members from East Pakistan. During this time, the Pakistani authority had already become highly unpopular, as the Bengali language movement was suppressed. Civil unrest was sparked by the Language Movement and fuelled by discriminatory practices against the Bengali people; this led to East Pakistan's declaration of independence.
The Bangladesh Liberation War, as it is now known, escalated as India and Pakistan formally acknowledged the "existence of a state of war between the two countries", even though neither government had formally issued a declaration of war.[11] As the situation in his home district of East Pakistan worsened, Amin was appointed Prime Minister by President General Yahya Khan on 6 December 1971. On 20 December 1971, however, Yahya Khan resigned, leaving the Deputy Prime Minister (and Foreign Minister) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to be sworn in as the new President. Two days later, Amin was appointed as Vice President of Pakistan, the only person to have held this post. He continued to hold this post until martial law was lifted on 21 April 1972.
Postwar and emotions of Pakistan
| “ | So Dhaka has fallen, and East Pakistan has gone and you are enjoying yourselves..... | ” |
— Nurul Amin scolding Yahya Khan, 1971., [12] | ||
Amin is a controversial figure, considered by many Pakistanis to be a patriot for supporting unity of the country, but thought by many Bangladeshis to be a collaborator with an occupation force accused of genocide and other war crimes.
Amin is reported to have remarked to President Yahya and his military advisers, "So Dhaka has fallen, and East Pakistan is gone, and you are enjoying yourselves..."[12]
Death and state funeral
Amin stayed in West Pakistan, while his home region achieved independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh; Amin died in Rawalpindi on 2 October 1974, less than three years after the dissolution of the united Pakistan.
Legacy and honours
- Amin was given a public state funeral by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1974.[13] He was buried in Jinnah Mausoleum, next to Jinnah. His tomb was specially designed, made of Italian white marble, with golden letters for his name and contributions.[13]
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Nurul Amin was a trusted lieutenant of Quaid-i-Azam and a valiant fighter for the Pakistan Movement, and for Pakistan. He proved himself to be a crusader of (Pakistan's) solidarity and earned for himself the highest pedestal by dint of his efforts, intelligence, and his struggle...
— Malick Meraj Khalid, minister of law and parliamentary affairs, tribute to Nurul Amin, at ninth parliamentary session, 1976, [4]
References
^ Khan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). "Amin, Nurul". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ abc Syedur Rehman, Craig Baxter (2010). Dictionary of Bangladesh. Library of Congress: Scarecrow Publication Inc. pp. 101–223. ISBN 978-0-8108-6766-6.
^ abcdefghij Press Release. "Nurul Amin". Pakistan Herald. Pakistan Herald. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
^ abcde Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (1976). Parliamentary Debates. Official Report (Honorary Speech by the Prime minister). Parliament of Pakistan, Capital Territory Zone: Parliament of Pakistan. pp. 3–5.
^ abcde Nair, N.B (1990). Politics in Bangladesh. New Delhi: Northern Book Center. pp. 44, 53, 73, 142. ISBN 978-81-85119-79-3.
^ abc Aklam Hussain, Sirajul Islam, (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704–1971. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1997. pp. 398, 440, 470. ISBN 978-984-512-337-2.
^ ab Ziring, Lawrence (1997). Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 0-19-577816-2.
^ Mahmood, Safdar (1997). Pakistan: Rule of Muslim League & Inception of Democracy (1947-54). Lahore: Jang Publishers. p. 116. OCLC 39399433.
^ ab Chatterjee, Pranab (2010). A Story of ambivalent modernization. U.S.: Peter Lang Publications. p. 275. ISBN 978-1-4331-0820-4.
^ abc Pakistan Government. "Elections in Pakistan: Nurul Amin". ELection Commission of Pakistan. Electronic Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "India and Pakistan: Over the Edge". Time. 13 December 1971. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
^ ab Nurul Amin – The story of Pakistan
^ ab Shah, Sabir (26 December 2011). "An overview of Quaid's mausoleum". The News International. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Khawaja Nazimuddin | Chief Minister of East Bengal 1948–1954 | Succeeded by Fazlul Haq |
| Preceded by Fatima Jinnah | Leader of the Opposition 1967–1970 | Succeeded by Khan Abdul Wali Khan |
| Preceded by Feroz Khan Noon | Prime Minister of Pakistan 1971 | Succeeded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |
New office | Vice President of Pakistan 1971–1972 | Position abolished |
Chief Minister of East Pakistan | |||
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Prime Ministers of Pakistan (List) | ||
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Italics indicate acting Prime Ministers | ||
Conservatism in Pakistan | |||||||||
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History of Pakistan (Timeline: 1947–Present) | |||||||||
| Ideology and Initiatives |
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| Organizations and Parties |
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