Royal Netherlands Navy




Naval warfare branch of the Netherlands' armed forces













































































Royal Netherlands Navy
Koninklijke Marine

Naval Jack of the Netherlands.svg
The Navy jack of the Royal Dutch Navy.

Founded January 8, 1488; 531 years ago (January 8, 1488)
Country
 Netherlands
Branch Armed Forces of the Netherlands
Type Green-water navy
Size 10,500 active duty personnel
850 reserve personnel


6 frigates

4 offshore patrol vessels


6 minehunters

1 Joint Support Ship

2 landing platform docks

4 submarines

40 other ships




20 helicopters
Part of Ministry of Defence
Headquarters Den Helder
Motto(s) "Veiligheid op en vanuit zee."
Security on and from the sea.
March Royal Netherlands Navy Service Marchpast
Engagements
Eighty Years' War
Dutch–Portuguese War
Anglo-Dutch Wars
War of the Spanish Succession
War of the Quadruple Alliance
French Revolutionary Wars
World War II
Korean War
Battle of Arafura Sea
Commanders
Commander
Nl-marine-vloot-vice-admiraal.svg Vice-Admiral Rob Kramer
Deputy commander
Nl-marine-vloot-schout schout bij nacht.svg Generaal-majoor Frank van Sprang
Notable
commanders

Michiel de Ruyter, Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp,
Insignia
Naval ensign
Flag of the Netherlands.svg
Naval jack
Naval Jack of the Netherlands.svg
Logo 100px100px
Aircraft flown
Patrol NH90

The Royal Netherlands Navy [RNLN] (Dutch: Koninklijke Marine [KM] “Royal Navy”) is the navy of the Netherlands. Its origins date back to the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648), the war of independence from the House of Habsburg who ruled over the Habsburg Netherlands.


During the 17th century the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world and played an active role in wars against England, France, Spain and several other European powers. The navy of the later Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) played an active role in the Napoleonic Wars, though mostly dominated by French interests. After the establishment of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands (founded 1815) it served an important role in protecting Dutch colonial rule, especially in Southeast Asia, and would play a minor role in World War II, especially against the Imperial Japanese Navy.


Since World War II the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in expeditionary peacekeeping operations.




Contents






  • 1 Bases


  • 2 Officer training


  • 3 Ship prefixes


  • 4 History


    • 4.1 Netherlands Golden Age


    • 4.2 World War II


    • 4.3 Netherlands New Guinea


    • 4.4 NATO cooperation




  • 5 Current structure


    • 5.1 Naval squadron


    • 5.2 Submarine service


    • 5.3 Mine Detection and Clearing Service


    • 5.4 Hydrographic Survey


    • 5.5 Naval aviation


    • 5.6 Netherlands Marine Corps


    • 5.7 Netherlands & Dutch Caribbean Coastguard




  • 6 Equipment


    • 6.1 Ships


    • 6.2 Naval aviation – maritime helicopters


    • 6.3 Armored vehicles (Marine Corps)


    • 6.4 Unarmored vehicles (Marine Corps)


    • 6.5 Artillery (Marine Corps)


    • 6.6 Personal weapons




  • 7 2018 Current Naval Inventory


  • 8 Future changes


    • 8.1 Theater ballistic missile defense




  • 9 Gallery


  • 10 Historic ships


    • 10.1 By period




  • 11 Ranks and insignia of the RNLN


    • 11.1 Officers


    • 11.2 Enlisted ranks




  • 12 See also


  • 13 Notes


  • 14 References


  • 15 External links





Bases


The main naval base is located at Den Helder, North Holland.
Secondary naval bases are located at Amsterdam, Vlissingen, Texel, and Willemstad (Curaçao). Netherlands Marine Corps barracks are found in Rotterdam, Doorn, Suffisant on Curaçao, and Savaneta on Aruba.



Officer training


Officers of the Nederland Navy are trained at the Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine ("Royal Naval Institute"), which is part of the Nederlandse Defensie Academie ("Netherlands defence academy") in Den Helder.[1]
Around 100–150 people start training every year.



Ship prefixes


An international prefix for Dutch navy ships is HNLMS (His/Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship).[2] HNMS is also used,[3] although this can also refer to Royal Norwegian Navy ships.[4] The Dutch navy itself uses the prefixes Zr. Ms. (Zijner Majesteits, His Majesty's) when a king is on the throne, and Hr. Ms. (Harer Majesteits, Her Majesty's) when there is a queen.[5]



History



The modern Netherlands Navy dates its founding to a "statute of admiralty" issued by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I on January 8, 1488.[6] Naval historians trace the origins of an independent Dutch navy to the early stages of the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) while the formation of a "national" navy is dated to the establishment of the Dutch Republic in 1597.[7]



Netherlands Golden Age




The battle of Scheveningen in 1653 during the First Anglo-Dutch War


The Dutch navy was involved in several wars against other European powers from the late 16th century, initially for independence against Spain in European waters, later for shipping lanes, trade and colonies in many parts of the world, notably in four Anglo-Dutch wars against England. During the 17th century the Dutch navy was one of the most powerful navies in the world. As an organization, the navy of the Dutch Republic consisted of five separate admiralties (three of them in Holland, and one each in Friesland and Zeeland), each with its own ships, personnel, shipyards, command structures and revenues.[8]



World War II





HNLMS Java, c. 1941




File:Manoeuvres van de Koninklijke Nederlandse Marine.ogvPlay media

Elements of the Royal Netherlands Navy on manoeuvres, 1936





Piet de Jong commanding officer of HNLMS Gelderland in 1958.


During the Second World War, the Dutch navy was based in Allied countries after the Netherlands was conquered by Nazi Germany in a matter of days: the Dutch navy had its headquarters in London, England, and smaller units in Ceylon (modern day Sri Lanka) and Western Australia.


Around the world Dutch naval units were responsible for transporting troops, for example during Operation Dynamo at Dunkirk and on D-Day, they escorted convoys and attacked enemy targets. During the war the navy suffered heavy losses, especially in defending the Dutch East Indies, most notably the Battle of the Java Sea in which the commander, Dutchman Karel Doorman, went down with his fleet along with 1,000 of the ships' crew. One Dutch light cruiser that was under construction was captured in its shipyard by Nazi Germany.


During the relentless Japanese offensive of February through April 1942 in the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch navy in Asia was virtually annihilated, and it sustained losses of a total of 20 ships (including two of its three light cruisers) and 2,500 sailors killed.[9] The Dutch navy had suffered from years of underfunding and came ill-prepared to face an enemy with more and heavier ships with better weapons, including the Long Lance-torpedo, with which the cruiser Haguro sank the light cruiser HNLMS De Ruyter.[10]


A small force of submarines based in Western Australian sank more Japanese ships in the first weeks of the war than the entire British and American navies together during the same period, an exploit which earned Admiral Helfrich the nickname "Ship-a-day Helfrich".[11] The aggressive pace of operations against the Japanese was a contributing factor to both the heavy losses sustained and the greater number of successes scored as compared to the British and Americans in the region.


Both British and American forces believed that the Dutch admiral in charge of the joint-Allied force was being far too aggressive. Later in the war, a few Dutch submarines scored some remarkable hits, including one on a Kriegsmarine U-boat U-95 in the Mediterranean Sea, which was sunk by O 21.



Netherlands New Guinea


After the war, the relations between the Netherlands and its colonies changed dramatically. The establishment of the Republic of Indonesia, two days after the Japanese surrender, thwarted the Dutch plans for restoring colonial authority. After four years of war the Netherlands acknowledged the independence of Indonesia.


Part of the Dutch Navy was next stationed in Netherlands New Guinea until that, too, was turned over to the Indonesian government in 1962. This followed a campaign of infiltrations by the Indonesian National Armed Forces, supported by modern equipment from the Soviet Union, that was nevertheless successfully repulsed by the Dutch navy. These infiltrations took place after the order of President Sukarno to integrate the territory as an Indonesian province.



NATO cooperation




The Standing NRF Maritime Group 1 in 2007 with HNLMS Evertsen second from the right


With the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the military focus was on the army and air force; it was not until the Korean War (1950–53) that the navy got more recognition. The government allowed the creation of a balanced fleet consisting of two naval squadrons. Apart from the aircraft carrier HNLMS Karel Doorman the Dutch navy consisted of two light cruisers (two De Zeven Provinciën class), 12 destroyers (four Holland class, eight Friesland class), eight submarines, six frigates (van Speijk-class frigates), and a considerable number of minesweepers.


As a member of NATO, the Netherlands developed its security policy in close cooperation with other members. The establishment of the Warsaw pact in 1955 intensified the arms race between West and East. Technical innovations rapidly emerged, the introduction of radar and sonar were followed by nuclear weapon systems and long-range missiles. The geopolitical situation allowed for a fixed military strategy. Beginning in 1965, the Dutch Navy joined certain permanent NATO squadrons like the Standing Naval Force Atlantic.



Current structure





Vice-Admiral Rob Kramer is the current Commander of the Royal Netherlands Navy


The constituent parts of the Royal Netherlands Navy are:



Naval squadron


Contains all surface combatants, replenishment ships, and amphibious support ships.



Submarine service



Contains the submarines and a support vessel.



Mine Detection and Clearing Service


Contains various minehunters.



Hydrographic Survey


Hydrographic surveys are carried out by the Dutch Hydrographic Service (Dienst der Hydrografie).



Naval aviation


  • Two helicopter squadrons


Netherlands Marine Corps


  • One Marine Training Command (MTC) (formerly known as GOEM: Groep Operationele Eenheden Mariniers)

    • Two Operational Marine Combat Groups (1 MCG AND 2 MCG)

    • One Maritime Special Operations Force (NLMARSOF)

    • One Surface Assault and Training Group (SATG)

    • One Seabased Support Group (SSG)

    • One rifle company (32 Raiding Squadron.)is permanently stationed at Aruba




Netherlands & Dutch Caribbean Coastguard


Although the Netherlands Coastguard is not an official part of the Navy, it is under its operational control. Also the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard is under the operational control of the Navy and is commanded by the commander of the Navy in the Caribbean.



Equipment



Ships



The Royal Netherlands Navy currently operates 7 main classes of vessels:


Note: in the Royal Netherlands Navy frigates are interchangeable with destroyers as there is no separate class













































































































































































Type ship Defensenote 1974 Defensenote 1984 Priority Document 1993 Navy study 2005 Economize 2011
Defensenote 2018
LC frigates 4 4
4
M frigates 4 [12]
8 [13]
8 2 2
2
GW frigates 2 2 2

L frigates 1 [14]
2 2

S frigates 12 10 6


MLM frigates [15]
6

Frigates 25 22 18 6 6
6
Patrol ships 4 4
4
Submarine 6 6 4 4 4
4
Supply ships 2 2 2 1
1
LPD 1 2 2
2
JSS 1 1
1
Minehunters 15 15 15 10 6
6
Minesweepers 11 11 [16]


Total ships 59 56 40 28 23
24
LRMP Aircraft 21 13 [17]
13

Helicopters 36 [18]
30 [19]
20 20 20
20
Total aircraft 57 43 33 20 20
20

* The Dutch Royal Navy classifies the De Zeven Provinciën-class as frigates, but internationally they are most comparable to destroyers (due to their size and weapon capability) platform for Sea Based Anti-Ballistic Missile defence



Naval aviation – maritime helicopters


  • 20 NH90, 12 NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH) and eight transport version of the NATO Frigate Helicopter (TNFH) for Marine Corps Air Lift Helicopter Squadron [20]



Royal Netherlands Navy NH-90 NFH at De Kooy Naval Air Station.


In 2012 an Apache attack helicopter from the Royal Netherlands Air Force made a deck landing on board HNLMS Rotterdam for the first time as part of an initial study into the possibilities for wider use of the helicopters as these will be upgraded to the AH-64E standard which has specific features for maritime operations.


The Dutch amphibious support ship HNLMS Johan de Witt and the HNLMS Karel Doorman JSS are designed to handle Royal Netherlands Air Force CH-47F Chinook helicopters. But these are not capable of sustained maritime operations due to lack of anti-corrosion measures.



Armored vehicles (Marine Corps)



  • 156 BV206S armored all-terrain personnel carriers (127 will get a Mid-Life Update, the rest will be disposed of or sold)

  • 74 BVS10 armored all-terrain personnel carriers

  • 20 Bushmaster Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected

  • 4 Leopard 1 BARV beach armored recovery vehicles



Unarmored vehicles (Marine Corps)



  • Land Rover Defender

  • 40 Mercedes-Benz 280 CDI

  • 17 Unimog 1.2-ton truck

  • Various DAF trucks



Artillery (Marine Corps)




  • L16A2 81 mm mortar

  • M6 C-640 – 60 mm commando mortar



Personal weapons




  • Colt Canada C7NLD – 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle


  • Colt Canada C8NLD – 5.56×45mm NATO carbine


  • Heckler & Koch HK416 - 5.56×45mm NATO carbine


  • Glock 17M – 9×19mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistol (the M in Glock 17 stands for Maritime)


  • FN MAG – 7.62×51mm NATO general purpose machine gun


  • M2HB-QCB – .50 BMG heavy machine gun


  • Accuracy International AWM – .338 Lapua Magnum sniper rifle


  • Barrett M107 – .50 BMG anti-materiel sniper rifle


  • Heckler & Koch MP5 – 9×19mm Parabellum submachine gun


  • FN P90 – 5.7x28mm submachine gun


  • Mossberg M590A1 – 12 gauge shotgun


  • Panzerfaust 3 – anti-tank weapon


  • GILL – anti-tank missile



2018 Current Naval Inventory


In 2018 the fleet of the Royal Netherlands Navy consists of these ships:











































































































Class Photo Type Number Dates Details

Walrus class
Royal Netherlands Submarine - geograph.org.uk - 913392.jpg Submarine 4 1994 Multi-purpose Diesel-electric powered hunter-killer submarines for Deep Ocean Operations and Brown Water & Special Force Operations. SLEP 2015–2019, will be replaced by 4 new subs from 2025 onwards.

De Zeven Provinciën class
HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (F 802).jpg Frigate 4 2002 Mainly Anti-Air Warfare with ABM capability, ASW and with extensive Command & Communication Facilities.

Karel Doorman class
Hr. Ms. Van Amstel (1993).jpg Frigate 2 1994 8 initially built for the Dutch navy, pairs of ships subsequently sold to the Belgian Navy, Portuguese Navy and Chilean Navy. Belgian and Dutch M-Class frigates recently received extensive upgrades such as an extended helicopter deck and new advanced sensors and improvements in stealthiness. Will be replaced in 2025

Holland class
HNLMS Holland.jpg Offshore Patrol Vessel 4 2011 Ocean patrols

Alkmaar class
Hr. Ms. Maassluis.jpg Minehunter 6 1989 Initial class of 15 ships, will be replaced 2025

Karel Doorman class
JSS Karel Doorman in Den Helder.jpg Joint Logistic Support Ship 1 2014 Combined Amphibious Operations/Seabased Helicopter Platform & Fleet Replenishing, capable of supporting CH-47/AH-64/NH-90 Operations.

Rotterdam class
HNLMS Johan de Witt (L801).jpg Landing Platform Dock 2 1998/2007 Troop & Equipment Transport, Helicopter Platform with Command & Communication & Hospital Facilities

Cerberus class

Duikvaartuigen.jpg
Diving Support Vessel 4 1992 Multi-purpose Diving Support Vessels & Harbour Protection

Soemba class

Duikvaartuigen.jpg
Diving Support Vessel 1 1989 Multi-purpose Diving Support Vessels & Harbour Protection

Pelikaan class

Pelikaan A804.jpg
Multi-purpose Logistic Support Vessel 1 2006 Multi-purpose Logistic & Amphibious Support Vessel Based in Dutch Caribbean

Mercuur class

A900 ZrMs Mercuur.jpg
Submarine Support Vessel 1 1987 Submarine Support Vessel & MCM Command, upgraded in 2017.

Snellius class
HNLMS Snellius A802 2863.jpg
Hydrographic Survey Vessel
2 2004 Multi-purpose Hydrographic Survey Vessel

The total tonnage will be approx. 140,000 tonnes. Next to these ships a lot of other smaller vessels remain in the navy.


With these changes the Royal Netherlands Navy will have 10 large oceangoing vessels ranging from medium/low to high combat action ships. The renewed Dutch Navy will be a green-water navy, having enough frigates and auxiliaries to operate far out at sea, while depending on land-based air support, and, with the large amphibious squadron, they will have significant brown-water navy capabilities.



Future changes


Women are expected to join submarine crews in the Royal Netherlands Navy in 2019, with the addition of shower doors and changing room curtains.[21]


In April 2018, the Dutch Government approved a multi-year investment program and allocated funds for the 2018 - 2030 period, including;



  • The Walrus-class submarines replacement in 2025. The sub's are currently undergoing a Service-life Extension Program (SLEP), including new sonar, new optronic periscope and weapon upgrades for near shore operations. The Royal Dutch Navy is evaluating Saab/Damen (A-26), TKMS (Upgraded 212), Navantia S-80 and Naval Group (SSK version of Barracuda) proposal, decision is due early 2019.

  • Upgrading the De Zeven Provinciën-class LCF frigates Theatre Ballistic Missile Defense, acquisition of SM-3 missiles, a new 127mm canon, ESSM-2 and SLCM integration 2018 - 2021 with a planned replacement from 2028 onwards.

  • Replacement of the Karel Doorman-class M frigates in 2025 by initially 4 ships, 2 to be operated by the Belgian Navy and 2 by the Dutch navy, designed & build by Damen Shipyards.[22] See Future Surface Combatant for more information.

  • Replacement of the 6 Alkmaar-class MCM ships from 2024 including MCM Drones. 6 units will be built for both the Belgian and Dutch navies with a total of 12 ships.[22]

  • Increasing the size of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps to remain highly integrated with the British Royal Marines. In 2017 the Ministry of Defence announced the formation of a Fleet Marine Squadron for the protection of merchant ships.

  • The German Navy Seebatallion (Marines) will be integrated into the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps.

  • Cooperation with the German Navy regarding Submarine & Amphibious Operations.

  • Acquisition of a new Combat Support Ship to replace the former Zr.Ms. Amsterdam, designed & build by Damen Shipyards.[23] This ship will be based on the JSS Karel Doorman design to improve type commonality (architecture & components) and is expected to be operational in 2022.[24]

  • Acquisition of new LCU's in 2025 with additional capacity to support amphibious operations and the integration of the German Navy Marines (Seebatallion).

  • Main Naval Weapons will be replaced by acquiring ESSM-2, 127mm canon, Harpoon ASuW replacement, SM-3, SM-2 IIIC SAM, Goalkeeper CIWS replacement, MK 46 & MK 48 Torpedo replacement and SLCM (study).



Theater ballistic missile defense


Together with the United States and several other NATO members, the Dutch Navy is testing and updating its ships for Tactical ballistic missile defense capability. Although tests conducted concerning the capability of the APAR (Active Phased Array Radar) have been very successful, in 2018 the Dutch Government decided to acquire the SM-3 missiles for integration into the existing weapon suite of the LCF frigates. Four ships will be fitted out for tactical ballistic missile defense. The four LCFs will be fitted out with only eight SM-3 missiles each, due to the high costs for each missile (approximately $2.5–$5 million).



Gallery




Historic ships



  • several ships by the name of HNLMS De Ruyter

  • several ships by the name of HNLMS Tromp


  • Delft, 18th century fourth rate ship of the line


  • De Zeven Provinciën, 17th century ship of the line and flagship of Michiel de Ruyter


  • HNLMS Koning der Nederlanden, the navy's largest warship in the 19th century


  • HNLMS Prins Hendrik der Nederlanden, ironclad from the 1860s


Surviving historic ships



  • HNLMS Bonaire

  • HNLMS Buffel

  • HNLMS Schorpioen

  • HNLMS Onverschrokken



By period






Ranks and insignia of the RNLN



Officers










































































NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer

Netherlands Netherlands
(Edit)

No equivalent

Netherlands-Navy-OF-9.svg

Netherlands-Navy-OF-8.svg

Netherlands-Navy-OF-7.svg

Netherlands-Navy-OF-6.svg

Generic-Navy-O7.svg

Generic-Navy-O5.svg

Generic-Navy-O4.svg

Generic-Navy-O3.svg

Generic-Navy-O2.svg

Generic-Navy-O1.svg

Adelborst/Korporaal-Adelborst/Sergeant-Adelborst

No equivalent

Luitenant-Admiraal

Vice-Admiraal

Schout-bij-Nacht

Commandeur

Kapitein ter zee

Kapitein-luitenant ter zee

Luitenant ter zee der 1ste klasse

Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse oudste categorie

Luitenant ter zee der 2de klasse

Luitenant ter zee der 3de klasse
Abbreviation (stnd) LAdm VAdm SBN Cdr KTZ KLTZ LTZ1 LTZ2OC LTZ2 LTZ3 Adb


Enlisted ranks


































NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1

Netherlands Netherlands
(Edit)

POR-Navy-OFD.svg


Netherlands-Navy-OR-7.svg

Netherlands-Navy-OR-5.svg


Netherlands-Navy-OR-3.svg


Netherlands-Navy-OR-2b.svg

Netherlands-Navy-OR-2a.svg

Netherlands-Navy-OR-1.svg

Adjudant onderofficer

Sergeant-majoor

Sergeant

Korporaal

Matroos/
Marinier der 1e klasse


Matroos/
Marinier der 2e klasse


Matroos/
Marinier der 3e klasse



See also



  • Francien de Zeeuw

  • Netherlands Naval Aviation Service

  • Ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy

  • Military history of the Netherlands

  • Military ranks of the Dutch armed forces

  • Royal Netherlands Navy Submarine Service



Notes





References





  1. ^ "Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine". defensie.nl. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 25 May 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "List of Acronyms Preceding the Name of a Ship". Corporation of Lower St. Lawrence Pilots. Retrieved 2013-07-31.


  3. ^ See for example Paul M. Edwards (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Korean War. p. 114. ISBN 9780810874619.


  4. ^ See for example "King Harald V at Washington Navy Yard Marks Historic Alliance". Royal Norwegian Embassy in Washington. Retrieved 2013-08-01.


  5. ^ "Defensieschepen worden meteen Zr. Ms. in plaats van Hr. Ms" (in Dutch). Volkskrant. 2013-01-29.


  6. ^ "Geschiedenis marine". defensie.nl. Retrieved 25 May 2016.


  7. ^ Jaap R. Bruijn, "Dutch Navy" in Bruce, Anthony & Cogar, William (editors) An Encyclopedia of Naval History. Facts on File, New York. 1998; p. 121


  8. ^ Rodger, N. A. M. (2004) Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815. Penguin Books, London; pp. 9–10


  9. ^ Klemen, L (1999–2000). "The War at Sea". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign, 1941–1942.


  10. ^ Dr. L. de Jong, Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Dutch), 14 parts, part 11a-I-second half, RIOD, Amsterdam, 1975


  11. ^ "World Battlefronts: Dutchman's Chance". Time. February 23, 1942.


  12. ^ De M-fregatten werden voor het eerst genoemd bij de Memorie van Toelichting bij de defensiebegroting van 1977.


  13. ^ In de defensienota 1984 ging het om een groter type M-fregat dan in de MVT 1977 nog sprake was.


  14. ^ Het Aangepast Standaardfregat, zoals genoemd in de Defensienota van 1974 was een iets groter schip dan de uiteindelijk gebouwde L-fregatten


  15. ^ Gemoderniseerde Van Speijkklasse


  16. ^ Gepland was tevens de aanschaf van 2 oceaanmijnenvegers, maar een jaar later was dit plan al geschrapt. Gepland was voorts de vervanging van de Dokkumklasse mijnenvegers vanaf 1988, met een nader te bepalen aantal van minimaal 6 en maximaal 15 mijnenvegers.


  17. ^ Aanvankelijk werd de aanschaf van 2 extra Orion P-3 vliegtuigen overwogen, maar een jaar later waren deze plannen al geschrapt.


  18. ^ Er is later zelfs nog aan 40 helikopters gedacht.


  19. ^ Gepland was de aanschaf van 8 grote helikopters, als aanvulling op de 22 (2 waren al verloren gegaan) Lynx helikopters van de MLD.


  20. ^ "Royal Netherlands Navy Takes Delivery of a Mission Planning System for the NH90 NFH Fleet". November 29, 2013.


  21. ^ "Vrouwen gaan voor het eerst mee in onderzeeër, dus komen er gordijnen en douchedeurtjes voor de privacy" (in Dutch). 9 Oct 2018.


  22. ^ ab Marine krijgt nieuwe schepen, Dutch Ministry of Defence, 3 May 2018, retrieved 3 May 2018


  23. ^ Karremann, Jaime. "Marine wil bevoorrader 'in de geest van Zr.Ms. Amsterdam'". marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 22 February 2018.


  24. ^ Karremann, Jaime. "Nieuw bevoorradingsschip komt in 2022". marineschepen.nl. Retrieved 22 February 2018.




External links








  • Royal Netherlands Navy homepage (in Dutch)

  • Dutch Submarines












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