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Othniel Charles Marsh
Born	(1831-10-29)October 29, 1831 Lockport, New York, United States
Died	March 18, 1899(1899-03-18) (aged 67) New Haven, Connecticut, US
Citizenship	American
Alma mater	Yale College
Awards	Bigsby Medal (1877)
Scientific career
Fields	Paleontology
Institutions	Yale University
Influences	James Dwight Dana[1]:13
Influenced	John Bell Hatcher[1]:9–10
Signature

Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American paleontologist.

Marsh was one of the preeminent scientists in the field; the discovery or description of dozens of new species and theories on the origins of birds are among his legacies.

Born into a modest family, Marsh was able to afford higher education thanks to the generosity of his wealthy uncle George Peabody. After graduating from Yale College in 1860 he traveled the world, studying anatomy, mineralogy and geology. He obtained a teaching position at Yale upon his return. From the 1870s to 1890s he competed with rival paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in a period of frenzied Western American expeditions known as the Bone Wars.

Biography

Early life

Marsh was born October 29, 1831 in Lockport, New York, United States, to a family of modest means. His father, Caleb Marsh, was a farmer. His mother, Mary Peabody, was the younger sister of wealthy banker and philanthropist George Peabody, and died of cholera when Marsh was less than three years old.^[1]:12 The financial backing of his uncle allowed Marsh to obtain a formal education.^[2] He graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover in 1856 and Yale College with his bachelor of arts degree with honors in 1860.^[1]:13[3] He then received a Berkeley Scholarship from Yale and studied geology, mineralogy and chemistry at Yale's Sheffield Scientific School (1860–1862), earning an MA in 1863.^[1]:13 He next studied paleontology and anatomy in Berlin, Heidelberg and Breslau (1862–1865).^[4] He returned to the United States in 1866 and was appointed professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale University making him the first professor of paleontology in the United States.^[1]:13 The same year, the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale was founded with a donation of US$150,000 from George Peabody, on Marsh's suggestion.^[2] Marsh served as a trustee of the Peabody Museum and was one of its three original curators.^[1]:10

Othniel C. Marsh and Chief Red Cloud pictured in New Haven, Connecticut, c. 1880

Career

After receiving an inheritance of US$100,000 from his uncle, George Peabody,^[1]:13 Marsh and his many fossil hunters were able to uncover about 500 new species of fossil animals, which were all named later by Marsh himself in the almost 400 scientific articles he published during his career.^[1]:13 In May 1871, Marsh uncovered the first pterosaur fossils found in America. He also found early horses, flying reptiles, Cretaceous and Jurassic dinosaurs such as Triceratops, Stegosaurus,^[1]:13Brontosaurus,^[1]:13Apatosaurus and Allosaurus,^[1]:13 and described the toothed birds of the Cretaceous Ichthyornis^[5] and Hesperornis.^[6]

Marsh served as Vertebrate Paleontologist of the U.S. Geological Survey from 1882 to 1892.^[2] Thanks to John Wesley Powell, head of the USGS, and Marsh's contacts in Washington, Marsh was placed at the head of the consolidated government survey in the late 1880s.^[7]

Between 1883 and 1895, Marsh was President of the National Academy of Sciences.^[2]

On December 13, 1897, Marsh received the Cuvier Prize of 1,500 francs from the French Academy of Science.^[8]

Death

Marsh died on March 18, 1899, a few years after his great rival Cope.^[3] He was interred at the Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut.

Bone Wars

Marsh is also known for the so-called "Bone Wars" waged against Edward Drinker Cope. The two men were fiercely competitive, discovering and documenting more than 120 new species of dinosaurs between them.^[1]:14

In the winter of 1863, Marsh first met Cope while in Berlin. Marsh, age thirty-two, was attending the University of Berlin. He held two university degrees in comparison to Cope's lack of formal schooling past sixteen, but Cope had written 37 scientific papers in comparison to Marsh's two published works. While they would later become rivals, on meeting the two men appeared to take a liking to each other. Marsh led Cope on a tour of the city, and they stayed together for days. After Cope left Berlin the two maintained correspondence, exchanging manuscripts, fossils, and photographs.^[9]:11

Cope named Colosteus marshii for Marsh in 1867, and Marsh returned the favor, naming Mosasaurus copeanus for Cope in 1869.^[1]:15

In 1868, Marsh visited Cope in Haddonfield, New Jersey. Cope had been recovering fossils from the quarries since 1866, including those of Laelaps aquilungis which he described as a new species. Before he departed, Marsh contracted the owners of several marl pits to send any newly-discovered fossils to him, and not to Cope.^{[1]:15[10]:35}

The two began to develop a rivalry when Marsh allegedly pointed out that Cope had placed the skull of Elasmosaurus at the end of its tail. Cope attempted to buy back the papers containing his flawed reconstruction, but Joseph Leidy exposed his cover-up at a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences.^[9]:15 This rivalry went on throughout their lives.

Marsh eventually "won" the Bone Wars by finding 80 new species of dinosaur, while Cope found 56. Cope did not take this lightly, and the two debated each other in scientific journals for many years to come.

Legacy

Marsh named the following dinosaur genera:

Othniel Marsh (center, back row) and assistants ready for digging

He named the suborders Ceratopsia (1890), Ceratosauria (1884), Ornithopoda (1881), Stegosauria (1877), and Theropoda.

He also named the families Allosauridae (1878), Anchisauridae (1885), Camptosauridae (1885), Ceratopsidae (1890), Ceratosauridae, Coeluridae, Diplodocidae (1884), Dryptosauridae (1890), Nodosauridae (1890), Ornithomimidae (1890), Plateosauridae (1895), and Stegosauridae (1880).

He also named many individual species of dinosaurs.

Dinosaurs named by others in honour of Marsh include Hoplitosaurus marshi (Lucas, 1901), Iaceornis marshi (Clarke, 2004), Marshosaurus (Madsen, 1976), Othnielia (Galton, 1977), and Othnielosaurus (Galton, 2007).

Marsh's finds formed the original core of the collection of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. The museum's Great Hall is dominated by the first fossil skeleton of Brontosaurus that he discovered, which was reclassified as Apatosaurus for a time. However, an extensive study published in 2015 concluded that Brontosaurus was a valid genus of sauropod distinct from Apatosaurus.^[11][12][13]

He donated his home in New Haven, Connecticut, to Yale University in 1899. The Othniel C. Marsh House, now known as Marsh Hall, is designated a National Historic Landmark. The grounds are now known as the Marsh Botanical Garden.

Marsh was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1877.^[14]

Marsh formulated the Law of brain growth, which states that, during the tertiary period, many taxonomic groups presented gradual increase in the size of the brain. This evolutionary law remains being used due to its explanatory, and to a certain extent, predictive potential ^[15]

See also

• Dinosaur Wars

References

Further reading

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Othniel Charles Marsh

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Othniel Charles Marsh.

• 
  Works by or about Othniel Charles Marsh at Internet Archive
  


• 
  "Dinosaur Wars". American Experience. 01/17/2011. PBS. Check date values in: |= (help)
  


• 
  O. C. Marsh Papers. marsh.dinodb.com


• View works by Othniel Charles Marsh online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.


• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir


• 
  Scientist of the Day-Othniel Charles Marsh at Linda Hall Library